HP3

Responsibility of government to civil rights is?

to protect them in general

How many Articles in Constitution?

7

Article I

legislative branch

Article II

executive branch

Federalism

equal balance of power between state and national government

Enumerated Powers

powers of Congress

Article III

judicial branch

What does the Senate check?

executive branch

How many amendments in Constitution?

27

Delegated Powers

powers of central government

Reserved Powers

powers of state

Concurrent Powers

powers of states and national government

Expressed Powers

specific presidential powers

Implied Powers

powers that aren’t stated in Constitution

Land Ordinances of 1784 and 1785

Directed surveying of the Northwest Territory into townships of thirty-six sections (square miles) each, the sale of the sixteenth section of which was to be used to finance public education.

Shay's Rebellion

Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays and 1,200 compatriots, seeking debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, attempted to prevent courts from seizing property from indebted farmers.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.

Checks and Balances

A systematic balance to prevent any one branch of the national government from dominating the other two.

Separation of Powers

Feature of the U.S. Constitution, sometimes called "checks and balances," in which power is divided between executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the national government so that no one can dominate the other two and endanger citizens' liberties.

Three-fifths clause

A provision that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted in determining each state's representation in the House of Representatives and its electoral votes for president.

The Federalist

Collection of eighty-five essays that appeared in the New York press in 1787-1788 in support of the Constitution; written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay and published under the pseudonym "Publius.''

Anti-Federalist

Opponents of the ratification of the Constitution.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights against infringement by the federal government.

The Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States.

The great compromise

The Great Compromise saved the Constitutional Convention, and, probably, the Union. Authored by Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman, it called for proportional representation in the House, and one representative per state in the Senate (this was later changed to two.)

Hamilton's financial plan

1) Establish new nation's credit
2) Creation of new national debt
3) Create Bank of the US
4) Raise revenue
5) Whiskey Tax
6) Support industrial cities

Genet Affair

Edmond Genet, a French ambassador, asked American ships to attack British ships

Federalists

Alexander Hamilton and John Adams
strong fed. gov't
wealthy
pro- B.U.S.
loose-constructionist
economy to sustain U.S.
pro- British
gov't to help business
Northeast

XYZ Affair

Adams criticized the French Revolution
France began to break off relations with the U.S.
Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand to work things out.
Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe.
Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Alien Act

This law gave the president the power to imprison or send aliens out of the country

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment.

VA and KY Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Election of 1800 ("Revolution")

Adams/ S.C. Pinckney vs. Jefferson/ Burr
candidates attack each other
peaceful transfer of power

Stamp Act (1765)

First time colonists were DIRECTLY taxed. Required all printed material to carry a stamp that was issued by authorities. Had the goal to help finance the operation of the british empire. Many many people were offended by this act, from rich to poor. Opposition to this act was the first main drama of the revolution. Eventually repealed in 1766.

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

Created in October of 1765, had 27 delegates from 9 different colonies (including most prominent men in America). First met in New York and agreed they had the right to consent to taxation. Organized Boycotts with merchants that wouldn't buy British goods until the act was repealed.

Committees of Correspondence

Located in boston, communicated with other colonies to organize opposition to the sugar and currency acts.

Sons of Liberty

Opposing group of the stamp act, was led by Alexander McDougall, Isaac Sears, and John Lamb. They spoke Dutch, French, and German. Posted signs that said "Liberty, Property, and No Stamps" Led the boycott of British Products. Their actions did get somewhat out of hand, such as burning down houses.

Declaratory Act (1766)

Created when the stamp act was repealed, rejected Americans' claims that only the elected representatives could change taxes.

Daughters of Liberty

Women who would do their spinning and sewing at home so that they wouldn't buy British goods were called this. This idea appealed especially to those in the Chesapeake region because they found themselves owing lots of money to merchants that were British.

Boston Massacre

In 1768 after a bit of riots that happened because of the ceasing of the ship Liberty due to trade violations in the city of Boston, British troops were stationed there. Soldiers became more and more unpopular in Boston. Finally on March 5, 1770 chaos erupted when the citizens threw snowballs at the British and gunfire erupted from the British. Five Americans died. Crispus Attucks was one of these.

Tea Act (1773)

Act giving the East India Company tax exceptions on tea imporation.

Boston Tea Party

The colonists were upset about the tea, so they boarded ships in Boston Harbor and dumped tea into the harbor. The tea damage in todays money is nearly 4,000,000 USD. Response was the closing of Boston Harbor.

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts (1773)

Would radically alter the Massachusetts Charter by reducing town meetings and authorizing governors to appoint people to the council which was previously done by elections.

First Continental Congress

Convened in Philadelphia and brought together the most prominent political leaders of all the colonies but Georgia. Famous line "Give Me Liberty of Give me Death" was said here.

Second Continental Congress

Convened in 1775, at this time war was happening between the British and armed citizens of Massachusetts. Authorized the raising of an army, printing money and appointed the George Washington as their leader.

Common Sense

Written by Thomas Paine, appeared in 1776, was a pamphlet and attacked the constitution of England. Said that the English monarchy was headed to be the "royal brute of England". Wanted independence. Had large impact

Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson, declared the United States freedom from the British.

Saratoga

During summer of 1777 General John Burgoyne of the British advanced south from Canada hoping to catch up with Howe, but instead Howe attacked Philidophia causing the Continental Congress to go to Lanchester. However John was never informed of his plans and his way was blocked and he was forced to surrender here on October 17, 1777. Big boost to American Morale.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Treaty of Paris (1783)

made by American and British delegates would win recogonization of Americas independence, and also would gain them control of entire region between Canada and Florida east of the Mississippi. Americans got the fishing rights to the grand banks. Their whole economy was based on the fishing rights. Moreover, all loyalists were asked NOT to be persecuted. Let them be.

George Washington

George Washington (1732-99) was commander in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (1775-83) and served two terms as the first U.S. president, from 1789 to 1797.

John Adams

John Adams (1735-1826) was a leader of the American Revolution, and served as the second U.S. president from 1797 to 1801.

yorktown

In the fall of 1781, a combined American force of Colonial and French troops laid seige to the British Army at Yorktown, Virginia. Led by George Washington and French General Comte de Rochambeau, they began their final attack on October 14th, capturing two British defenses and leading to the surrender, just days later, of British General Lord Corwallis and nearly 9,000 troops. Yorktown proved to be the final battle of the American Revolution, and the British began peace negotiations shortly after the American victory.

Republican Motherhood- Abigail Adams

Women's role in society was altered by the American Revolution. Women who ran households in the absence of men became more assertive. ABIGAIL ADAMS, wife of John, became an early advocate of women's rights when she prompted her husband to "REMEMBER THE LADIES" when drawing up a new government.

Unalienable Rights

inborn rights that everyone has and cannot be taken away.

Loyalist

American colonists who continued to support Britain before and during the American Revolution.

Battle of Concord and Lexington

The first battles of the American Revolution.

Battle of Trenton

Surprise attack by the Americans led to a stunning defeat for the British and their hired mercenary soldiers.

Common Sense

essay written to persuade Americans to support a call for a public declaration of independence from England.

The first of three reasons the Declaration of Independence was written

to send a message to the world about why the colonists wanted to fight for their independence

What were the advantages of the British at the beginning of the war?

-size & training of the army and navy, population size, higher levels of manufacturing, richest country in the world, well-trained officers

What were the advantages of the American colonists at the beginning of the war?

\-home-field advantage (knowing the terrain/geography), grit - they have something to fight for!

What was Washington's military strategy?

avoid huge military losses
fight a defensive war
guerilla warfare/hit and run tactics
gain European Allies

What was the British military strategy?

blockade the coast
capture New York - dividing New England Colonies from the Southern Colonies
take advantage of help from the Loyalists

What challenges did the Second Continental Congress/Patriots face during the American Revolution?

managing the needs of the Continental Army shortages of food, weapons, uniforms
paying for the war

Battle of Saratoga

The turning point in the war which led to France's formal entrance into the conflict.

How were the Americans able to win the American Revolution?

alliance with France and Spain provided money, equipment, troops navy
guerrilla warfare
fierce spirit and determination
support of allies (French)
started winning battles

What was a main cause of the death of the Continental soldier?

Disease

Winter Camp at Valley Forge

Winter encampment in Pennsylvania for Washington's troops. They were cold with little money for supplies. Lacked proper clothing, food and shelter.

Battle of Yorktown

Final British defeat which helped kick off peace talks between the combatants

1783 Treaty of Paris

ended the war between England and the Americans. The United States formally recognized by its former parent country

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Alliance

Agreement between countries to aid and support each other

Boycott

Refusal to buy goods and services in protest

Committees of Correspondence

Patriot communication network within colonies

Direct tax

A tax that must be paid by the person on whom it is levied such as the Stamp Act

Patriot

Colonists who favored and fought for Independence.

Petition

Formal written request to someone in authority that is signed by a group of people.

Propaganda

False or misleading information that is spread to further a cause.

Salutary Neglect

British policies of avoiding strict enforcement of its laws over the colonies.

Sons of Liberty

Secret group of colonists who organized protests and boycotts of British Policies.

Proclamation of 1763

Great Britain ordered settlers to stop crossing the Appalachian Mountains

French and Indian War

War between England, France and their respective Native American allies for "control" of North America.

No taxation without representation

Idea that the colonies should have representation in British Parliament before any taxes were imposed upon them

Declaratory Act

Great Britain can tax the colonies at any time on any thing

Townshend Acts

Tax on paper, paint, glass, lead, paper and tea.

Boston Massacre

Five colonists died when soldiers shot into the crowd on March 5, 1770

Tea Act

Law that made tea cheaper in the colonies but gave a monopoly to one tea company, hurting American smugglers

Boston Tea Party

Sons of Liberty destroyed 342 chests of tea (90000 lbs) by throwing it into Boston Harbor

Intolerable Acts

Severe laws passed by Great Britain to punish the colonists in Boston

Quartering Act

Law that demanded colonists provide food and shelter for soldiers stationed in the colonies.

First Continental Congress

Meeting in fall of 1774 of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies to discuss colonial options prior to American Revolution.

As a cabinet member, what was Alexander Hamilton’s long-term goal?

He wanted to make the United States a major commercial and military power.

Opponents of Hamilton’s economic plan…

agreed to a compromise that included placing the national capital in the South

“Strict constructionists” believed…

the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution

How did Americans respond to the French Revolution?

Almost everyone supported it at first, because the French seemed to be following in
Americans’ footsteps.

Which of the following is TRUE of women and political life in the new republic of the 1790s?

Some women contributed to a growing democratization of political life by arguing for
increased rights for their sex.

The Sedition Act of 1798…

led Jefferson to argue that states, not the federal government, could punish seditious
speech

Gabriel’s Rebellion…

demonstrated that enslaved persons were aware of and inspired by the idea of liberty