Psychology - Abnormal

Abnormal Pychology

The scientific study of "harmful dysfunctions" in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, or unjustifiable

DSM-5

Th APA'S system of classifying disorders and describing their symptoms

Neurotic Disorders

Psychological disorders in which one's behavior is distressing but they can still function in society and act rationally

Psychotic Disorders

Psychological disorders in which one looses contact with reality and experiences distorted perceptions

Anxiety Disorders

Psychological disorders in which one has maladaptive anxiety or anxiety-reduction behaviors

Phobia

Anxiety disorder in which one experiences periods of intense dread over irrational fears

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Anxiety disorder in which one is in a state of uncontrollable free-floating worry and autonomic nervous system arousal

Panic Disorder

Anxiety disorder in which one experiences minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which one may experience terror and heart attack-like symptoms

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Anxiety disorder in which one has unwanted obsessions that lead to illogical compulsions

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Anxiety disorder in which one has an illogical belief that something about their body is imperfect

Hoarding Disorder

Anxiety disorder in which one is unable to part with objects

Trichotillomania

Anxiety disorder in which one has a compulsion to pull their hair in response to anxiety

Excoriation

Anxiety disorder in which one has the compulsion to pick at their skin in response to anxiety

Pica

Anxiety disorder in which one has the compulsion to eat inedible objects

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

Trauma-related disorder in which one has flashbacks and nightmares following a traumatic event

Somatoform Disorders

Psychological disorders in which one manifests a physical problem through psychological means

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Somatoform disorder in which one has frequent physical complaint with no physical cause, and one believes minor symptoms are severe illness

Conversion Disorder

Somatoform disorder in which one has a severe physical problem, such as blindness or paralysis, with no physical cause

Dissociative Disorders

Psychological disorders in which one's conscious process is disrupted

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative disorder in which one cannot remember something for no physiological reason

Psychological Disorder

A syndrome indicated by a "clinically significant disturbance in an individual's condition, emotion regulation, or behaviors"

Syndrome

A group of symptoms

Maladaptive

Thought, behaviors, or emotions that interfere with daily life

Philippe Pinel

Psychologist who argued that those with psychological disorders should have moral treatment

Medical Model

The concept that psychological disorders must be diagnosed based off of symptoms and may be treated in a hospital

Stress Vulnerability Model

Psychological disorders become more or less frequent when nature combines with nurture

Epigenetics

The study of how the environment can affect our genes

ADHD

Psychological disorder in which one has high levels of impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity

RDoC

A new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them

David Rosenhan

Psychologist who performed a study in which people went into a hospital falsely saying they were hearing voices and got falsely diagnosed with schizophrenia

Aaron Alexis

Shooter at Navy Yard who had a history of hallucination-causing psychological disorders

Immigrant Paradox

Immigrants are less likely to have psychological disorders

Social Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety disorder in which one becomes very anxious in social situations

Agoraphobia

The fear of hard to escape from public scenarios, sometimes caused by Panic Disorder

Survivor Resiliency

The ability to recover after a traumatic experience

Classical Conditioning

Relating two external stimuli, one neutral one unconditioned, so that both will elicit the same response

Stimulus Generalization

Whens something similar to the conditioned stimulus elicits the same conditioned response

Susan Mineka

Psychologist who showed that fears can be learned through observation

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter which affects mood, sleep, and attending to threats

Glutamate

Neurotransmitter that boosts activity in the brain's alarm centers

Epigenetic Marks

Chemical changes to genes that can turn them on or off

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Area of the brain which checks for errors in our actions

Depressive/Mood Disorders

Psychological disorders in which depression becomes maladaptive

Symptoms of Depression

Low concentration, hopelessness, low self-esteem, low energy, trouble sleeping, bad appetite, hard to make decisions

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Depressive disorder in which one has 5 or more symptoms of depression for two or more weeks

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Depressive disorder in which one has 2-4 symptoms of depression for 2 years or more

Bipolar Disorder

Psychological disorder in which one alternates between emotional extremes of depression and mania

Mania

Hyperactive state

Dissociative Fugue

Dissociative disorder in which one is disconnected from their consciousness

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative disorder in which one has multiple personalities

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Mood disorder in which one is depressed during certain times of the year due to light level

Personality Disorders

Psychological disorders in which maladaptive behaviors overtake one's personality

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Personality disorder in which one is very suspicious of people's actions

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Personality disorder in which one lacks empathy

Borderline Personality Disorder

Personality disorder in which one has mood instability and poor self-image

Dependent Personality Disorder

Personality disorder in which one relies too much on the help and attention of others

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Personality disorder in which one feels they must be the center of attention

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Personality disorder in which one has an unwarranted sense of self-importance

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Personality disorder in which one is only concerned with certain thought and performing certain actions

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Personality disorder in which one avoids relationships and shows little emotions

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Personality disorder in which one avoids social interactions due to phobias

Schizophrenia

Psychological disorder in which one has delusions, hallucinations and inappropriate emotions

Delusions of Persecution

False beliefs that people are ot to get you

Delusions of Grandeur

False beliefs of superiority

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences without stimulation

Flat Effect

Periods of having no emotion

Catatonia

Motionless state of waxy flexibility

Positive Symptoms

The presence of inappropriate actions

Negative Symptoms

The absence of appropriate actions

Pedophilia

Sexual attraction to children

Hybristophilia

Sexual attraction to criminals

Sadist

One who is aroused by the pain of others

Psychoanalytic Therapy

Therapy involving hypnosis and free association

Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychologist who created client-centered therapy

Client-Centered Therapy

Nondirective therapy using active listening

Unconditional Positive Regard

The practice of therapists not judging their patients

Gestalt Therapy

Therapy in which one gets in touch with their whole self

Fritz Perls

Creator of gestalt therapy

Aversive Conditioning Therapy

Therapy in which one is exposed to something they don't like

Systematic Desensitization Therapy

Therapy in which one is desensitized to their fears through calming methods

Token Economy

Behavioral therapy in which one is operantly conditioned by obtaining "tokens" when a desired behavior is completed

Cognitive Therapy

Therapy in which one's schemas are changed

Somatic Therapy

Therapy in which drugs are used

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Psychological disorder in which people have frequent behavioral outbbursts

Linkage Analysis

Looking at the DNA of those with a psychological disorder and comparing it with the DNA of those with said disorder

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Psychological perspective looking into how assumptions and expectations affect people

Susan Nolen-Hoeksema

Psychologist who linked higher MDD rates in women to rumination

Rumination

Overthinking about problems

Explanatory Style

Whether one blames external or internal sources for their failures

Learned Helplessness

In uncontrollable bad situations, one feels helpless

Selective Attention

The ability to focus on one thing at a time

Word Salad

Jumbled ideas that make no logical sense

Impaired Theory of Mind

One having trouble in understanding others' mental states

Chronic Schizophrenia

Type of schizophrenia in which symptoms worsen with age

Acute Schizophrenia

Type of schizophrenia which occurs after a traumatic event

Kenneth Bianchi

Serial rapist and murderer who faked having DID

Nicholas Spanos

Psychologist who showed that hypnosis can show a second personality

Adrian Raine

Psychologist who found that those with Antisocial Personality Disorder have small amygdalas and frontal lobes

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder in which one diets even though they are underweight for they think they are overweight

Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorder in which excessively binge-eats followed by excessive purging