Midterm Review for Lab

Lab midterm review, exercise 1 to 6

Infundibulum

Narrow stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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Anterior lobe (pituitary gland)

* Adenohypophyis
* Regulated by the hypothalamus
* Releases 6 hormones

Posterior lobe (pituitary gland)

* Neurohypophysis
* Composed of neurons
* Releases 2 hormones ADH and OT

Growth hormone (GH)

Lobe: Anterior

Target: Bones and muscles

Action: Stimulates cell growth

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH)

Lobe: Anterior

Target: Adrenal cortex

Action: Stimulates release of adrenal cortex hormone

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Lobe: Anterior

Target: Thyroid gland

Action: Stimulates release of thyroid hormones

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Lobe: Anterior

Target: Gonads (sex organs)

Action: Stimulates development of ova and sperm

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Lobe: Anterior

Target: Gonads

Action: Stimulates secretion of sex hormones

Prolactin (PRL)

Lobe: Anterior

Target: Mammary gland

Action: Stimulates milk production

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Lobe: Posterior

Target: Renal tubules

Action: Stimulates water reabsorption

Oxytocin (OT)

Lobe: Posterior

Target: Uterus and mammary gland

Action: Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery and release of milk

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Gland: Thyroid

Secreted by: Follicular cells

Target: Every cell

Action: Regulate oxygen utilization and rate of metabolism

Calcitonin

Gland: Thyroid

Secreted by: Parafollicular cells

Target: Bone and kidneys

Action: Reduces blood calcium levels

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Gland: Adrenal cortex

Target: Most cells

Action: Increase blood glucose levels

Androgen

Gland: Adrenal cortex

Target: Has little effect

Action: Precursor of male and female sex hormones

Epinephrine (EP)

Gland: Adrenal medulla

Target: Most cells

Action: Increases cardiac activity, BP, and blood glucose levels

\*neurotransmitter

Norepinephrine (NEP)

Gland: Adrenal medulla

Target: Most cells

Action: Increases cardiac activity, BP, and blood glucose levels

Pancreas

Known as a mixed gland since it contains endo and exocrine functions

Insulin (Beta)

Gland: Pancreatic islets

Target: Every cell

Action: Lowers blood glucose levels

Glucagon (Alpha)

Gland: Pancreatic islets

Target: Liver

Action: Raises blood glucose level by breaking down glycogen

Melatonin

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates the circadian rhythm

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Gland: Parathyroid

Action: Raises blood calcium level

Thyroid gland slide

1. Thyroid follicle
2. Follicular cells
3. Parafollicular cells
4. Collid

Thymus slide

1. Lobule
2. Cortex
3. Medulla

Pancreas slide

1. Acinar cells
2. Pancreatic islet

Testis slide

1. Seminiferous tubule
2. Interstitial cells
3. Spermatozoa in lumen
4. Spermatogonia

Ovary slide

1. Follicular cell
2. Developing ovum (oocyte)

Blood

* The body has around 5.5 L circulating
* A type of connective tissue
* The matrix is a watery liquid called plasma
* Cells has no nucleus

What are some of the major functions of blood?

* Transport dissolved substances
* Hemostasis
* Defence against pathogens
* pH regulation
* Body temperature regulation

Plasma

* 55% of total blood volume
* 91% water
* Transport dissolved substances
* Remains when clotting is prevented

What are some items that dissolves in plasma?

* **Protein**: Antibodies
* **Nutrient**: Glucose
* **Electrolytes**: Na+
* **Enzymes**
* **Waste**: Urea
* **Gases**: O2 and CO2

Serum

Liquid that remains after the blood has clotted

Buffy coat layer

Leukocytes and platelets

Red cell layer

Erythrocytes

Centrifuge

A device that spins and separates thee blood into three layers

Erythrocytes

* RBC
* Most common element in the whole blood
* Anucleated (lacks nucleus)
* Transport O2 and CO2

Platelets

* Cytoplasmic fragments with granules
* Forms a soft plug at the site of blood vessel damage
* Secrete hemostasis factors

Neutrophils

* Most numerous WBC
* Contains granules
* Phagocytic (macrophage)
* Increases in bacterial infection

Eosinophils

* WBC (second to least common)
* Contains granules
* Phagocytic
* Reduce inflammation
* Increase in cases of parasitic infection

Basophils

* Least numerous WBC
* Contains granules
* Increased but allergies and leukaemia

Monocytes

* Largest of the WBCs
* Phagocytic (macrophages)
* Increase in various infections
* Decrease in chronic diseases

Lymphocytes

Second most common

3 Types of antibodies: B, T, Natural Killer

Increase by various infections

Decrease in immune disease

Leukemia

* Uncontrollable production of WBC (cancer)
* Acute: Rapid, WBC are immature and non-functioning
* Chronic: Gradual, functioning as few are immature

Anemia

* The inability of RBC to deliver the needed oxygen
* Causes fatigue, dizziness, numbness

Iron deficiency anemia

Lack of hemoglobin which causes the RBC to be pale

Sickle cell anemia

RBCs are misshapen, some appering as a sickle

Plasmacrit

Percentage of whole blood that is plasma

Hematocrit

Percentage of whole blood that is formed elements (RBC)

Whats the normal hematocrit range?

* Overall: 37-52%
* Men: 42-52%
* Women: 37-47%

What would cause hematocrit to be low?

Aplastic anemia (insufficient RBC production)

Sickle cell anemia (destroyed too easily)

Polycythemia

* Too many RBCs → raises the hematocrit
* Blood too thick → difficult to flow

Blood typing

* Classifying blood by glycoprotein markers (antigens/agglutinogens)
* Genetically determined
* A different set of markers are antibodies/agglutinins
* When incompatible types crosslink form clumps (agglutination)
* \

ABO and Rh

* Typing systems using ABO plus positive and negative
* Together creates 8 different blood types

Universal donor

Blood type O(-)

Universal recipient

Blood type AB(+)

Type A

**Antigen:** A

**Antibodies:** B

**Agglutinates with:** B and AB

Type B

**Antigen:** B

**Antibodies:** A

**Agglutinates with:** A and AB

Type AB

**Antigen:** A and B

**Antibodies:** None

**Agglutinates with:** None

Type O

**Antigen:** None

**Antibodies:** A and B

**Agglutinates with:** A, B, and AB

Rh+

**Antigen:** Rh

**Antibodies:** none

**Agglutinates with:** none

Rh-

**Antigen:** None

**Antibodies:** Rh

**Agglutinates with:** Rh+

Circulatory system

Blood + heart + blood vessels

Cardiovascular system

Heart + blood vessels

Heart

* Fist size
* Four chambered
* Cardiac muscle
* Within the mediastinum (thoracic cavity)

Parietal pericardium / Pericardial sac

Serous membrane that enclose the heart

Pericardial cavity

Small space between the membrane and heart

Vein

Carry blood (CO2) towards the heart

Artery

Carry blood (O2) away from the heart

Label #1

Right pulmonary artery

Label #2

Superior vena cava

Label #3

Right pulmonary veins

Label #4

Right pulmonary artery

Label #5

Right auricle

Label #6

Marginal artery

Label #7

Small cardiac vein

Label #8

Inferior vena cava

Label #9

Right ventricle

Label #10

Apex

Label #11

Great cardiac vein

Label #12

Left ventricle

Label #13

Anterior interventricular artery

Label #14

Circumflex artery

Label #15

Left auricle

Label #16

Left pulmonary vein

Label #17

Pulmonary trunk

Label #18

Left pulmonary artery

Label #19

Ligamentum arteriosum

Label #20

Aortic arch / Aorta

Label #1

Right atrium

Label #2

Tricuspid valve

Label #3

Right ventricle

Label #4

Papillary muscle

Label #5

Interventricular septum

Label #6

Trabeculae corneae

Label #7

Left ventricle

Label #8

Chordae tendineae

Label #9

Bicuspid valve

Label #10

Left atrium

Label #11

Ligamentum arteriosium

Label #12

Aorta