JOUR101 MIDTERM

Marshall McLuhan

people should observe not only the media itself but the ways in which new medium disrupts traditions and reshapes social life.

social impact of the media was that they became an extension of the human senses and alter the social world

epistemology

theories help us understand more about reality and push the bounds of the theory of knowledge

hypothermic needle theory

Adam Smith

created the utopian ideal that formed capitalism

essential theory is the motive to make a profit

it is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from regard to their own interests.

populism

using crisis talk to amplify ontological insecurity

private ownership

need to make a profit by selling content to audiences or audience attention to advertisers

public ownership

founded by government but operate under a “charter” giving them independent donations

State

state licensed media exists in societies where governments regulate who can make media

active audience

directly engaging

uses

mediums and media

gratifications

what is gained from social engagement

propoganda

one dimensional messaging void of countering ideas

name calling

dehumanize others by reducing them to a term concept

glittering generalities

leverage virtue words to make broad claims

band wagon

appeal to crowd identity; show unity of crowd

plain folks

win confidence by appearing relatable “farmer Joe”

fact

an objective statement based by proven and verifiable research

truth

culmination of reliable facts with evidence over time to substantiate a statement

literacy

ability to recognize, interpret and use language to communicate ideas

media literacy

ability to recognize, interpret and use cultural signs and symbols across medias

cultural text

media composed of cultural signs and symbols to communicate messages

saturated with social meaning

generate political effects and oppose governing institutions

cultural relevance

informs persuades, cautions, entertains using cultural texts and symbols

misinformation

false, misleading or poorly represented information without malicious intent

disinformation

false misleading or poorly represented information by someone who knows the information is wrong

media

plural for medium

medium

a thing that packages and stores information

communication

transfer information a means of relaying information that has been packaged and stored

if a medium contains information→ communication is the process and outcome of moving the information

interpersonal communication

between two people

mediated

through a medium

convergence

coming together to make something new

types of convergence

technological, cultural, economic

ethics

branch of philosophy that examines questions of right and wrong. framework for good moral decision making. context impacts ethics

morals

what we interpret as right or wrong

meta ethics

why we consider something right or wrong

character

duty, consequences and relationships

virtuous ethics

virtuous character will result in a virtuous life

golden rule

treat others how you wish to be treated

golden mean

moral middle ground between two extremes

platinum rule

treat others how they want to be treated

consequences

weigh the outcome to determine what is ethical

utilitarianism

ends justifies the means

duties

you must follow the prescribed set of rules despite outcome. Deemphasis on personal choice and decision making. Moral laws apply to everyone equally

you are ethical by following the rules

hedonism

celebrate the individual over all else

nihilism

no need for morals because life is meaningless

narcisism

dominant self interest

doxing

dropping documents to publish identifying information about a person

doxxer

person who doxes

media effects

a group of theories about outcomes from viewing reading, time playing and engaging in media

effect

outcome or result

affect

to impact or cause change

theory

explanation of how something works

Apply theory to phenomenon to help us understand theory and predict subsequent phenomenon

epistemology

the study of knowledge. we observe reality and make and test theories to expand boundaries

Federal Communication Commision

grants and renews TV and media licenses

Economics

study of resource scarcity, production and consumption of goods and services

emphasizes financial gain and loss in mathematical terms

defamation

false information harming the reputation of a person, business, or organization

Johnny Depp Case

Libel

written form of defamation

slander

verbal form of defamation

burden of proof

the plaintiff must prove libel or slander

character (law)

who you are

reputation

what people think you are

direct (media effect)

argues that media exposure and frequency have direct and strong effects

limited (media effect)

argues media exposure and frequency have short term and weak effects

indirect (media effect)

argues that other factors intercede between media exposure frequency and effect

cultivation

the more people consume a type of media the more they see the world around them to be like that media

third-person effect

everyone is susceptible to media messages but me!

spiral of silence

people will stay silent if they believe their views and beliefs are in the minority

gatekeeping

involved determining what messages an audience receives or doesn’t receive

framing

select some aspect of reality and make it more noticeable and meaningful

Selection + salience

agenda setting

the more coverage a news story gets, the more likely people will be interested in it

symbolic annihilation

absence of representation or under-representation of a social group in the media

power

ability to control other people processes and things, even in the face of resistance

hegemony

dominant class establishes ruling ideas as the status quo

ideology

embedding of relations in the dominant ideas of society

a specific system of ideas

dominant group uses material organization to develop a material or ideological front

culture industry

industrialized meaning making

oligopoly

ownership in a sector is concentrated in the hands of a few corporations

economies of scale

costs go down because more of something can be produced at one time

censorship

act of prohibiting certain expression or content

indecent content

content that is offensive but not obscene

obscenity

one of the forms of speech not protected by the first amendment and subject to censorship

satire

journalism that uses irony, humor, and mockery to criticize or poke fun of ideas

government

institution to organize social and political life

policy

framework by the government to guide action

laws

rules and standards that fulfill a policy

enforcement

ensure compliance with laws and regulations

regulation

rules by the government agencies that detail how to comply with policies

hypodermic needle theory

belief that media inject its message straight into a passive audience

uses and gratification theory

media users play an active role in choosing and using the media

critical theory

critical of status quo relationships between two people, institutions and structures

critical race theory

structure, institutions, policies and procedures benefit white people

imposter content

content that impersonates a real source

manipulated content

genuine information that is edited or manipulated to deceive

false context

genuine information that shared with false contextual information

satire parody

misinformation created with the purpose to entertain. no intention to harm but has the potential to fool and mislead

Four functions of Mass communications

surveillance, correlation, cultural transmission, entertainment

cultural transmission

transferring dominant culture

entertainment

mix of cultural, correlation, surveillance

West Virginia BOE vs. Barnette

established that public school students have free speech rights at school and no compelled speech doctrine

Hazel vs. Kuhlmeier

school officials school officials have broad power to censor school- sponsored student expression if they come up a legitimate reason