BIOL 241 1.1 Lab

Lab 1.1 terms

anatomical position

body upright and the eyes, palms, and toes face forward

medial

structures that are closer to the midline

lateral

structures that are farther away from the midline

anterior

structures that are towards the front of the body

posterior

structures that are towards the back of the body

superior

closer to the head

inferior

closer to the feet

superficial

closer to the surface of a body

deep

farther away from the surface of a body

proximal

structures that are closer to the connection between limb and body

distal

structures further from the connection between limb and body

sagittal

a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves

parasagittal

any vertical plane parallel to the median sagittal plane

coronal

vertical plane (frontal) that divides body into anterior and posterior

transverse

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts

axial skeleton

includes the bones of the skull, mandible, the vertebral column, sternum & ribs, & hyoid

appendicular skeleton

includes the rest of the skeleton, namely the bones of the upper & lower limbs & the pectoral & pelvic girdles

flexion

decreaes the angle of a joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint

hyperextension

extension beyond its normal range of motion

abduction

movement of a part away from the midline

adduction

movement of a part towards the midline

rotation

movement around a central axis

pronation

rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly or inferiorly

supination

rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly or superiorly

opposition

movement of the thumb to tough a fingertip

protraction

movement of a part anteriorly

retraction

movement of a part posteriorly

elevation

movement of a part superiorly

depression

movement of a part inferiorly

eversion

movement of the foot at the ankle so that the sole faces away from the midline

inversion

movement of the foot at the ankle so that the sole faces toward the midline

plantarflexion

movement of the foot at the ankle so that the so that the ball of the foot movers inferiorly

dorsiflexion

movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves superiorly

circumduction

movement of a limb so that its distal end makes a circular motion while its proximal end remains stationary

joint

(articulation) formed wherever 2 bones are connected

fibrous joints

held together by dense connective tissue

sutures

occurring between the bones of the skull

syndesmoses

occurring between the radius & ulna

gomphoses

joints between the teeth & their bony sockets

cartilaginous joints

held together by hyaline cartilage (synchondrosis) or fibrocartilage (symphysis)

synovial joints

held together by a fibrous joint capsule of capsular ligaments forming a closed space called the joint or synovial cavity

articular cartilage

a highly viscous synovial fluid that helps reduce friction between articular cartilages

articular disc

the additional plate of fibrocartilage that sits between the articulating surfaces & is firmly attached to the joint capsule

bursa

a fluid-filled sac found close to joints where tendons cross the joint

tendon sheath

a type of bursa sac that surrounds a tendon over part of its length

non-axial synovial joints

motion is limited to a slight sliding action between 2 bones

axial synovial joints

allow rotation of one bone about the other

uniaial

if the range of motion is limited to 1 plane

biaxial

when rotation occurs in 2 planes

multiaxial

when rotation occurs in more than 2 planes

diaphysis

tubular shaft of a long bone

epiphysis

end portion, with separate ossification center

metaphysis

portion of mature bone sandwiched between the diaphysis & epiphysis

epiphyseal plate

the proliferation of cartilage cells in the growth plate that leads to bone growth

ossification

the process where cartilage is replaced by bone surface

articulating surfaces

areas that form a joint

extensions & projections

areas that stick out from the bone surface & serve as attachment point for ligaments & tendons

depressions & preforations

cavities & openings of the bone that serve as passages for soft structures (arteries, veins, nerves)

condyles

a rounded knob

facet

a smooth, relatively flat articular surface

head

the prominent articular end of a bone

crest

narrow ridge

epicondyle

projection superior to a condyle

line

slightly raised, elongated ridge

process

any bone prominence

protuberance

a bony outgrowth or protruding part, but less so than a process

spine

sharp, slender, narrow process

tochanter

2 massive processes unique to the femur

tubercle

small rounded process

tuberosity

a roughened surface

alveolus

a pit or socket

fossa

a shallow, broad, or elongated basin

fovea

a small pit

sulcus

a groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

canal

tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

fissure

a slit through a bone

foramen

a hole through a bone

meatus

opening into a canal

sinus

air-filled cavity

cardiac

heart muscle

smooth

visceral muscle

skeletal muscle

voluntary muscle (move joints)

flexor

a muscle that crosses anterior to a joint

extensor

a muscle that crosses posterior to a joint

synergists

muscles that have a similar function on a particular joint

antagonists

muscles with opposing funcitons

origins & insertions

attachment sites of skeletal muscles

proximal attachment

site defined as the origin

distal attachment

the insertion

tendons

dense, regular connective tissue made up of mostly collagen fibers (promote motion)

oponeroses

connective tissue sheets which allow for greater surface area of attachment (than a tendon)

ligaments

dense connective tissue that may contain regularly or irregularly organized collagen fibers

rectus

fibers run parallel to the midline of the body

oblique

fibers run at an angle to the midline of the body

longus

long

brevis

short

maximus

largest

major

larger

vastus

huge