chapter 4 and 5 veterinary anatomy

Tissues

a group of cells that perform a function

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

continous sheets/layers, lines cavities or covers organs, closely packed together, have a nerve supply, avascular, have an apical and basal surface, have a high capacity for renewal, go through mitosis rapidly

Functions of Epithelial tissue

protection, filtration, absorption, digestion, secretion, lubrication, transportation, reproduction, sensory reception, excretion

Three kinds of layers of the epithelial tissue

SImple, stratified, pseudostratified

Apical Surface

free surface or one open surface

Basal Surface

connected surface

Avascular

no direct blood supply

Simple Epithelial Tissue

one layer of epithelial cells

Stratified Epithelial Tissue

more than one layer of epithelial cells

Pseudostratified Epithelial Tissue

one layer of Epithelial Tissue that looks like two, look slike nucleus over nucleus

Four Shapes of Epithelial Tissue

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional

Squamous Epithelial Tissue

flat and thin epithelial tissue

Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

square like epithelial tissue

Columnar Epithelial Tissue

elongated epithelial tissue

Transitional Epithelial Tissue

capable of strecthing, no set shape epithelial tissue

Gland

one cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts or on top of surfaces

Two Type of Glandular Epithelium

Endocrine and Exocrine glands

Exocrine Glands

secrete their product onto body surfaces or into body cavities, ex. mucous, sweat, oil, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

Endocrine Glands

secrete hormones into cell surfaces, diffuses into the blood carrying through the body to specific organs ex. pituitary and thyroid glands

Two Structural Classifications of Glandular Epithelium

unicellular and multicellular

Three Functional Classifications of Glandular Epithelium

Holocrine, Merocrine, Apocrine

Holocrine

product is released upon death ex. sebaceous gland

Merocrine

product is released as it is produced ex. salivary gland

Apocrine

secrete product by pinching it off into a vessicle ex. mammary gland

Sebaceous gland

releases sebum

Sebum

oil

Exocytosis

pinching off into vessicles

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

cells rarely touch each other, cells raely have an apical surface, have a nerve supply, highly vascular, largely extracellular matrix

Matrix is composed of what

solid, liquid gel

Functions of Connective Tissue

Supports and protects body organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves, some provide immunity

Three basic element of Connective Tissue

Cell, Ground substance, and Fibers

Three types of fibers in Connective Tissue

Collagen, Elastic, Reticular

Collagen Fibers

strong fibers found in connective tissue ex. ligaments and tendons

Elastic fibers

fibers that can be stretched in connective tissue ex. ear

Reticular Fibers

fibers that hold together or provide a shape, coated with collagen in connective tissue ex. spleen

Two main classification of connective tissue

Embryonic and mature connective tissues

Two Types of Embryonic Tissues

Mesenchyme and Mucus

Mesenchyme

found in embryo and adults in wound healing

Mucus embryonic tissue

hold umbilical cord

Five Types of Mature Connective Tissue

Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

Loose Connective Tissue

not well organized connective tissue

Three types of loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

Areolar

loose connective tissue in the dermis/ forms the subcutaneous layer

Adipose

loose connective tissue composed of fat

Reticular Loose Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue in the spleen

Dense Connective Tissue

well arranged mature connective tissue

Three types of Dense Connective Tissue

Regular, irregular, elastic

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

white, silvery tough, connective tissue ex. tendons

Dense Irregular Connective TIssue

thick sheets irregularly arranged connective tissue es. facia

Chondrocytes

produce cartilage

Three Types of cartilage

Hyaline, fibro-, elastic

Hyaline Cartilage

cartilage at the end of bones

Fibrocartilage

cartilage attached to bones that do not move ex. sutures

Elastic Cartilage

cartilage that can bend and stretch ex. ears

Bone

Osseous Connective Tissue

Osteoblasts

cells that make bone

Osteocytes

mature osteoblasts or bone cells

Blood

vascular tissue

Muscle tissue

long cells that look like fibers

Three types of muscle tissues

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

Skeletal Muscle TIssue

voluntary, striated, multinucleated, nuclei at the side of the cell

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

involuntary, striated, single nucleus in the center of the cell, arranged end to end, can self contract

Intercalated Discs

attachment point of cells end to end

Autorhythmicity

self contraction

Smooth Muscle Tissue

involuntary, not striated, single mucleus in the center of the cell, contracts together

Two Types of cells in the nervous tissue

Neuron and Neuroglia or glial cell

Neuron

cells that convert stimuli into nerve action potential and ends to other cells

Neuroglia

cells that produce neurotransmitters, phagocytic, produces myelin, produces cerebrospinal fluid, regulates ion flow

Neurotransmitters

chemicals that carry NAP from one cell to another

Phagocytic

the process by which cells surround and digest certain particles

Myelin

coats and insulated neurons

Parenchyma

main tissue type, functional tissue of an organ

Come Loosen Great Sun Burn Patches Real Soon

CLGSBPRS

Three main layers of the integumentary system

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous

Epidermis

top layer of skin, stratified squamous

Five Layers of the Epidermis

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale

Stratum Corneum

25-30 cells thick, gives protection, dead keratinized epithelial cells

Stratum Lucidum

3-5 cells thick, found in the skin with no hair, ex. palms and soles of feet, dead keratinized epithelial cells

Stratum Granulosum

3-5 cells thick, dying epithelail cells, has granules

Stratum Spinosum

8-10 cells thick, pointed, dying epithelial cells

Stratum Basale

1 cell thick, living epithelial cells, skin stem cell, have keratinocytes and melanocytes

Keratinocytes

secrete brown pigment

Melanocytes

Secrete melanin when struck by UV light

Dermis

contains fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, areolar connective tissue, site of hair follicle, sebaceous gland, sweat gland, arrector pili, nerve endings/receptors, and blood vessels

Fibroblasts

Spindle shaped cells that form connective tissue

Two Regions of dermis

Papillary and Reticular layer

CLGSBPRS of skin

Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale, papillary, reticular, subcutaneous

Subcutaneous Region or layer

adipose tissue layer or region

Eight Functions of Integumentary System

Regulates Body Temp, protection, sensation, excretion, prevents dehydration, immunity, blood reservoir, begins synthesis of vitamin d in response to UV light

Regulation of Body Temperature

changes blood flow, blood send heat to skin releasing it, increasing blood flow relases more heat reducing temperature

Sweating

heat in liquid which evaporates and lets heat out

Goosebumps and Shivering

arrector pili pulls hair follicle making them stand up and pulls follicles back and forth creating friction

Integumentary System Protection

H2O tight, germ proof, against UV light

Carotene

make orange tint

Melanin

make brown tint

Hemoglobin

makes red tint

Jaundice

causes a yellow discoloration

Bilirubin

Waste product of hemoglobin after it has been broken down

Bilirubin

Liver kills this

Hemoglobin die

every 125 days