Immunology

Neutrophil CD Marker

CD66b+

Neutrophil Function/Army Simile

Primary phagocyte, initiator of inflammation after scrape or cut/foot soldiers

Neutrophil % in peripheral blood

50-75%

Neutrophil developmental lineage

Myeloid line

Basophils and Mast Cells developmental lineage

Myeloid line

Basophil function

Release histamines in allergic disease

Basophils regulates and stimulates what?

CD4+ T cells, B cells

B cells produce this antibody to stimulate allergic reactions

IgE

Eosinophils are generally increased in this type of infection

Parasitic

Eos function in relation to allergic reactions

Neutralize basophil and mast cells products (higher towards the end of the reaction)

Monocyte CD markers

CD11b, CD14

Monocyte functions

Clean up after immune “fights”, present antigen to T cells

Dendritic cell CD marker

CD11c

DC + antigen…

Travel to lymph node, activate T cell

NK lymphocyte developmental line

Lymphoid line

NK cell CD marker

CD56

NK cell function

Kill tumor or infected target cell

How do NK cells know which cells to kill?

Set to kill all cells, are stopped by MHC Class I on healthy self cells

Why are some cancerous cells and diseased cells killed by NK cells if they’re self cells?

Tend to lose MCH Class I

Describe antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity

NK cells, monocytes, macs, and neutrophils bind through the CD16 receptor for the Fc portion of IgG to lyse antibody-coated cells

NK cells kill by injecting what substances

Perforins and granzymes

Perforin function

Cause channels to open in the cell membrane

Granzyme Function

Mediate cell lysis

CD4+ T helper cells bind to

MHC Class II

CD8+ T cytotoxic cells bind to

MHC Class I

B cells CD markers

CD19, CD20

T lymphocytes mature…

In thymus

B lymphocytes mature…

In bone marrow

Plasma cells are essential for fighting…

Encapsulated bacteria

What are BcRs

Antibodies on the surface

Antibodies/immunoglobulins I need to know

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

B cells proliferate here

Germinal Center

Neutrophils increase during this infection

Bacterial infection

Monocytes are increased during this type of infection

Viral, fungal, Tb

Innate immunity

Fast, non-specific, no memeory

Adaptive immunity

Slow, specific, memory

Cells involved in innate immunity

Neutrophils, macs, DCs, monos, NKs

Molecular patterns found on groups of microbes

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

Danger signals on our own cells

Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

PAMPs include:

Unique nucleic acid patterns and lipids/carbohydrates. dsRNA, lipoproteins, mannose

DAMPs are produced in response to:

Trauma, cancer, and tissue damage

What recognizes PAMPs or DAMPs?

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)

Cellular PRR function

Induce signaling within cell for activation (phagocytosis)

Soluble PRR function

Bind to microbe to label pathogen to help get rid of it

3 types of opsonins

Complement components, C-reactive proteins, Fc receptor of an antibody

Cellular cytoplasm flowing around a particle and fusing around it is called

Pseudopodia

Granule proteolytic enzymes

Production of proteases which kill a wide spectrum of microbes

Toxic Peroxidase

Creates hydrogen peroxide to kill cells

This type of protein increases or decreases by 25% due to an infection

Acute-phase protein

C-reactive protein

Helps with opsonization, acute-phase protein, indicator of acute inflammation

The C-reactive protein is a *_, _-_ form of an antibody*

Primitive, non-specific

What is an antigen?

Any substance that can be specifically bound by an antibody or T cell receptor

TcR bind to:

linear peptides

BcR bind to:

Sugars, phospholipids, nucleic acids, proteins

What are the five important aspects for developing an immune response from a vaccine?

Foreignness, processability, presentability, size, chemical composition

Best molecular size for triggering immune response?

100 kD

What elicits the strongest response for B and T cells?

Amino acid sequences

Increased pathogenicity means that it is easier to chop up the pathogen triggering the response

False, it is harder to fight the specific infection

MHC class I

CD8+ T cytotoxic cells

MHC class II

CD4+ T helper cells

Pathogen enters by the gut, what immunoglobin is responding?

IgA

Pathogen enters through skin, what immunoglobin is responding?

IgG

Epitope

Only portion of immunogen recognized by the immune system

Do epitopes vary from B cells to T cells?

They can differ depending on what’s presented

What must immunogens do before being recognized by T cells?

Be degraded (chopped up)

Hapten

Small substance that needs conjugate to initiate immune response

What is a natural example of a hapten complex?

Penicillin leading to anaphylaxis

How can haptens be used for vaccines?

Using the pathogen in question as a antigen and combining it to a carrier protein can trigger an immune response

Adjuvant definition

Carries immunogen to elicit immune response, synthetic and not produced in the body

Autoantigen definition

Belong to host, no immune response under normal circumstances

Alloantigens

Antigens from same species introduced into host via blood transfusion or organ transplant

Heteroantigens

Antigens from other species that elicit an immune response

Heterophile antibodies

Antigens that are from unrelated plants or animals that act against our antibodies

What infection creates a large number of heterophiles that can be used to help diagnose the disease?

EBV/mononucleosis

Human leukocyte antigens present:

Self and non-self antigens

MHC Class I chromosomal region

HLA-A, B, C

MHC Class II chromosomal region

HLA-DP, DQ, DR

How are MHC genes expressed

Co-dominantly

MHC Class II genes are

Complement proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and protein transporters

MHC Class III genes function

Label proteins

MHC Class I bind peptides of

Internal origin to CD8 cells

MHC Class II bind peptides of

External origin to CD4

MHC Class I are found on

All nucleated cells

MHC Class II are found on

Antigen presenting cells

Positive selection for T-cells

Exposing T-cells to MHC molecules

Negative selection for T-cells

Exposing T-cells to self antigens

T-cell receptor recombination is responsible for what?

Broad specificity of T-cells by random recombination

Sections V, J, C for germline DNA

Variable, Joining, Constant

Protein T-cell receptor regions

Alpha and beta

Lymphocyte precursors

Thymocytes

Why would a T-cell be impaired by a TCR that couldn’t bind Antigen-MHC?

The T-cell would not be able to recognize the cell that needs destroyed

What effect of knocking out CD3 would be on MHC-Ag-TCR induced activation of a T cell?

CD3 helps with activation of T-cells, so without it T-cells couldn’t activate and mount a immune response

Function of invariant chain on MHC class II

Prevent binding of endogenous peptides within the ER

Lymph node function

Filter tissues to find antigen and proliferate

MHC class I recognizes

infected self cells

MHC class II recognizes

Foreign substances

Th1 cells

Produce IFN-gamma and TNF-beta which protect against intracellular pathogens

Th2 cells

Produce interleukins to help B cells produce antibody against extracellular pathogens

T regulatory (Treg) cell function

Suppress immune response

CTLA-4 function

Inactivates T cell