UTS Midterm

philos

love

sophia

wisdom, love of wisdom

Sophists

• philosophers, first teacher of the West, skilled by discussion and debate

• explain changes by understanding the laws of nature instead of supernatural explanations

Socrates

• He wanted to discover the nature of knowledge, justice, beauty, and goodness

• He died after drinking a poisoned wine (hemlock poison)

• His thoughts were only known through Plato’s writing, “The Dialogue”

Socratic Method

• Asking questions and engaging the person in a discussion 

• Bring the person closer to the final understanding

soul

 true self

Aristocles

Plato’s real name

built

Nicknamed Plato because of his ___

Theory of Forms

Plato’s metaphysics (philosophical study on the causes and nature of things)

Forms

• refers to what are real

• they are not objects that are encountered with the senses but can only be grasped intellectually

The reason

 rational and is the motivation for goodness and truth

The spirited

non-rational and is the will or the drive toward action

The appetites

irrational and lean towards the desire for pleasure of the body

Plato’s View of Human Nature

Considered human beings as microcosms of the universal macrocosm

Theory of Being

In knowing the truth, the person must become the truth

Love

• force that paves the way for all beings to self-realization and perfection

• the way of knowing and realizing the truth

Theologians

concerned with God and its relationship to man

Plato and other Greek philosophers

Man is basically good and becomes evil by ignoring what is good

Christianity

Sees man as sinners that goes against the loving God’s commands.

Love of physical objects

led to the sin of greed

Love for other people 

is not lasting and excessive love for them is the sin of jealousy.

Love for the self

leads to the sin of pride

Love for God

the supreme virtue and only through loving God can man find real happiness.

Rene Descrates

• Father of Modern Philosophy

• considered the truth as a universal concept

• introduced the Cartesian method and invented analytic Geometry

Intuition

ability to apprehend direction of certain truths

Deduction

power to discover what is known by progressing in an orderly way from what is already known

Body

like a machine controlled by will and aided by mind

John Locke

• son of a Puritan lawyer.

• interested in the workings of the human mind

• contended that ideas are not innate but rather the mind at birth is a ‘tabula rasa’

priori

• does not require experience

• knowledge is obtained through logic or analyzing concepts (theoretical deduction or assumption)

posteriori

• requires experience

• knowledge is obtained through direct observation of the physical world

Law of Opinion

praiseworthy actions are virtue, those that are not are vices

Divine Law

set by God on the actions of man

perceptions

The mind receives materials from the senses

Impressions

immediate sensations of external reality, more vivid than ideas

Ideas

recollections of impressions

The Principle of Cause and Effect

Arises only when people experience certain relations between objects

David Hume

Credited for giving empiricism its clearest formulation

The self

part of human nature

sense impressions

Man has an idea of the so-called self because ideas rely on ___

Kant’s View of the Mind

The mind is not just a passive receiver of sense experience; it actively participates in knowing the objects it experiences

Knowledge

result of human understanding applied to sense experience

Transcendental apperception

experience of the self and its unity with objects

SIGMUND FREUD

According to him, repressed thoughts and memories have enough physic energy to impose its control on a person’s consciousness

Hysteria

manifestation

Conscious awareness

the person as he deals with his external world

Unconscious/subconscious mind

person's observable behavior is controlled by this repository of past experiences, repressed memories, fantasies, and urges

Id

• based on pleasure principle

• Demands immediate satisfaction

• Not hindered by societal expectations

Ego

• based on reality principle

• Mediates between the impulses of Id and the restraints of Superego

Superego

dependent on learning the difference between right and wrong (conscience)

Eros and Thanatos

Two kinds of instincts that drive individual behavior:

Eros

• life instinct

• Includes urges necessary for individual and species survival (thirst, hunger, and sex)

Thanatos

• death instinct

• Man’s behavior is directed towards destruction (aggression and violence)

Freud’s View of Human Nature

Man’s behavior by his pleasure seeking life instinct and his destructive death instinct is born with his ego already in conflict

GILBERT RYLE

• Contradicted to cartesian dualism

• Freewill was invented to answer the question of whether an action deserves praise or blame.

• Agrees with Kant who stated that freewill involves a moral responsibility which further assumes that man’s actions must be moral for it to be free.

• A person may acquire a great bulk of knowledge but without the ability to use it to solve some practical problems to make his life easier, this bulk of knowledge is deemed to be worthless.

knowing-that

empty intellectualism

Paul Churchland

Was dissatisfied with the particular approach of philosophers and instead sought to guide scientific theorizing with philosophy and guide philosophy with scientific inquiry.

Patricia Churchland

• Known for her claims that man’s brain is responsible for the identity know as the self.

• The biochemical properties of the brain according to his philosophy of neuroscience is really responsible for man’s thoughts, feelings and behavior.

Churchland’s view of Human Nature

It seems that what and who the person is i.e. how he makes decisions, controls impulses and how he sees himself is largely determined by his neurons, hormones and overall genetic make-up.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

He emphasized that the human body is the primary site of knowing the world

Merleau-Ponty’s View of Nature and the Self 

• He developed the concept of body-subject and contended that perceptions occur existentially.

• He believed that the consciousness, the world, and the human body are all interconnected as they all perceive the world.

• All knowledge is perceived through the body

phenomenology

study of essences

Consciousness

A process that includes sensing and interpreting/reasoning.

Sociology

Aims to discover the ways by how the social surrounding/environment influences people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

• He is an American Philosopher and Sociologist

• believed that self did not exist at birth, instead, it was developed overtime through social interaction and social experiences.

Social Behaviorism

• describe the power of the environment in shaping human behavior

•  How social experiences create individual personality.

Mead’s central concept is the Self

dimension of personality that is made-up of the individual’s self awareness and self-image

Self

• only develops with social experience, thus it cannot be separated from society.

• entral character in a child’s world

• The Preparatory or Language Self

• The Play Stage

• The Game Stage

Three Activities that Develops the Self:

Symbols

Basis of communication (verbal and non-verbal)

The Play Stage

• Important stage of development, as it widens perspective and realization of the presence to consider around them.

• Knowing and understanding the symbols of communication is crucial at this stage, as this serves as the basis for socialization.

• They began pretending and role-playing other people.

The Game Stage

• 8 - 9 years of age, children are able to take on more than just role playing.

• Final stage of development of self.

Generalized Others

• ability to understand others

• in which they don’t just see their own perspective, they can now see the perspective of other people around them. 

I Self

• Defines as the novel reply of the individual to the generalized other.

• The acting part of Self.

• Functions as a Subject.

• Represents the self in so far as it is free, has initiative, novelty, and uniqueness.

Me Self

• Defines as a conventional, habitual individual.

• Takes the role of the other.

• Functions as an object

• An organization  of an internalized attitude of others.

Charles Horton Cooley

 American sociologist who made use of the sociopsychological approach to understanding how societies work.

Human Nature and the Social Order

Charles Horton Cooley’s work where he discussed the formation of the self through interaction

Erving Goffman

• known for his role in the development of Modern American Sociology

• He wrote how he observed that people early in their social interactions learned to slant  their presentation of themselves in order to create preferred appearances and satisfy particular people

impression management

altering how the person presents himself to others

ANTHROPOLOGY

• Study on man

• Aims further to highlight the beauty and uniqueness of each person, making him value life and existence

ARCHAEOLOGY

• Studies artifacts

• Discover how people lived their past

• How the past contributed to the present ways of how people conduct their daily lives

BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

• How the human body adapts to different environments

• Look at probable causes of disease, physical mutation, and death

LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

Language as a means to discover a group’s manner of social interaction and worldview

Tower of Babel

• provided an alternate view on how language originated

• Attest that man had been searching for ways to understand each other

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

• Studies member’s personal and social identity

• A man is a product of his culture

Theory of Cultural Determinism

• human nature is determined by the ideas, meanings, beliefs, and values learned as members of the society

• Suggest that human beings are shaped to have the kind of life they prefer

Symbols

• words, gestures, pictures, object that has a recognized meaning 

• can be shared or copied by other culture who find them also fitting for their own culture

Heroes

• Person from the past or present who have characteristics that are important in a culture

• Real or fictitious models for behavior

Rituals

Activities (religous or social) participated in by a group of people for the fulfillment of desired objectives

Values

• Core of every culture

• Unconscious and can neither be discussed nor be directly observed

• Involve human tendencies/preferences towards good or bad, right or wrong

PSYCHOLOGY

• field of the social sciences that deals with the description, explanation, prediction and control of behavior. 

• assumed the existence of the states of consciousness in human beings

Nature-Nurture Controversy

both nature and nurture influence human behavior, each one to a greater or a lesser degree

William James

concluded that thoughts have five characteristics

ME Self

• a separate object or individual that the person refers to when discussing or describing their personal experiences

• empirical ME

The Material Self

• consists of the things or objects that belong to the person or entities that a person belongs to.

• body is the core, and the person is identified by everything that is attached or associated to it.

The Social Self

• changes in human behavior is usually caused by the differences in social situations.

The Spiritual Self

• most subjective and intimate part of the self

• always engaging in the process of introspection

I Self

• the self that knows and recognizes who they are and what they have done.

• “pure ego” or “thinking self”

• arises from a continuous stream of human consciousness

Global Self

• represents the overall value that a person places upon himself. 

• product of all experiences which accounts for the kind of a person an individual is.

MURRAY BOWEN

developed the Family Therapy and Systematic Therapy in which he came up with the concept of differentiated self.

Differentiated Self

a person recognizes that he has his own personality and therefore endowed with unique characteristics not found in other members of the group.