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Which type of lateral meristem produces secondary vascular tissues?
Vascular Cambium
Where is Vascular cambium present in eudicot stems?
Between the xylem and phloem.
What does vascular cambium contribute in woody dicots?
Secondary growth.
What pattern does xylem and phloem exist in monocot stems?
Discrete/scattered vascular bundles.
Where are the majority of vascular bundles in monocot stems located?
Near the outside edge.
What are the vascular bundles of monocot stems surrounded by?
Large ground tissue parenchyma cells, no pith.
In monocot stems, the sclerenchyma cells outline what and surround what?
Vascular bundles and xylem.
What is not present in monocot stem?
cambium.
Bundle sheath cells
Thicker walled sclerenchyma cells, cover entire vascular bundle.
Identify A & B of Monocot cross section.
A. Vascular Bundles and B. Ground tissue
Identify A - E of enlarged monocot cross section
A. Sclerenchyma cells, B. Phloem, C. Ground Tissue, D. Air space, E. Xylem
What do the stems of most monocots neither have?
Vascular cambium or cork cambium. Don’t produce secondary vascular tissues or cork.
Identify A - H in a vascular bundle of corn.
A. Phloem, B. Xylem, C. Bundle sheath cell, D. Sieve tube member, E. Companion cell, F. Vessel element, G. Air space, H. Ground tissue (parenchyma)
Eudicot Stem Cross section
Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring, pith (soft inner portion) is composed of parenchyma cells, cortex (hard outer region) is external to vascular bundles.
Identify A - C on Eudicot cross section.
A. Vascular bundles, B. Pith, C. Cortex.
Identify A -E on Medicago stem.
A. Epidermis, B. Pith, C. Vascular bundles, D. Interfascicular region, E. Cortex
Identify A-C in vascular bundle in buttercup stem.
A. Bundle sheath, B. Primary phloem, C. Primary xylem
Identify A - I in alfalfa stem.
A. Primary phloem fibers, B. Stoma, C. Primary phloem, D. Collenchyma, E. Parenchyma, F. Epidermis, G. Interfascicular Cambium, G. Primary xylem, H. Fascicular cambium
Example of a Eudicot stem
Sunflower (Helianthus)
Identify the parts of a eudicot stem
A. Cortex, B. V. cambium, C. Xylem, D. Pith, E. Sclerenchyma cells, F. Phloem
Which type of lateral meristem produces cork cells and phelloderm?
Cork Cambium.
Shoot
consists of the stem and its leaves, the above ground portion of the plant, develops from the embryo.
Plumule
Part of seed embryo that further develops into the shoot of the plant.
Leaf primordium
Mass number of cells (embryonic) that emerge from apical meristem that forms leaves.
Bud primordium
Mass number of cells (embryonic) that emerge from apical meristem to from lateral shoots (branches).
Phytomeres
Repeated unites of leaf and bud primordia.
Primary Meristems
Ground meristem, Procambium, Apical meristem, Bud primordium, Protoderm.
Lateral Meristem
Axillary bud, Epidermis, Vascular cambium, Cork Cambium.
Which is younger, Primary or lateral meristem?
Primary.
Which is older, Primary or lateral meristem?
Lateral meristem
What growth is lateral meristem?
Secondary growth.
Node
point where leaves, buds, or branching twigs originate
Internode
links the nodes of the plant together.
Interfasicular region
Between the bundles (parenchyma cells)
Summer Wood
Xylem produced next has smaller or fewer elements
Spring wood
Large vessel elements of secondary xylem.
Rhizomes
Horizontal stems that grow below ground EX: iris
Runners
Horizontal stems that generally grow along surface
Stolons
Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions. Ex. Tuber (Potatoe)
Bulbs
Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with small stem at the lower end. Ex: Onion
Corms
Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue. EX: Crocus and gladiolus
Cladophylls
Flattened, leaf-like stems. Ex: Pear-cacti
Thorns
Sharp woody spines EX: Acacia Tree
Tendrils
Twisting, threadlike structure.
Annual ring
One year’s growth of xyelm
Sapwood
Newer, outer rings of functioning xylem
Heartwood
Older, inner xylem rings are no longer involved in conduction.
Softwood
Lacks of vessels, tracheids are dominant cell type; gymnosperms
Hardwood
Contains vessels, tracheids, fibers; angiosperms.
Vascular Rays
Consist of parenchyma cells that function in lateral conductions of nutrients and water
What are the types of vascular rays?
Xylem Ray and Phloem Ray.
Periderm
Replaces the epidermis of secondary plant body.
Bark
Refers to all tissues outside the vascular cambium, including the phloem.
Inner bark
Secondary phloem mainly
Outer Bark
Cork tissues and cork cambium.
Lenticel
Part of periderm with intercellular spaces, facilitate gas exchange.
Identify A-F in Periderm of elderberry stem.
A. Epidermis, B. Cork, C. Cork cambium, D. Phelloderm, E. Collenchyma, F. Parenchyma
What is the tissue pattern in monocot stems?
Has Cortex, no pith. Vascular bundles are circular, have a spread-out pattern (like polka dots), has ground tissue surround the vascular bundles.
What is the tissue pattern in herbaceous eudicot stems?
Has a cortex, pith, vascular cylinder, narrow interfascicular region.
What kind of vascular bundles do Herbaceous eudicots have?
Discrete vascular bundles composed of patches of xylem and phloem.
What does procambium only produce?
Primary Xylem and Phloem.
What does vascular cambium add to herbaceous eudicot stems?
Later adds, Secondary phloem and xylem to the vascular bundles
What may the narrow band of cells between the primary xylem and primary phloem become?
Vascular cambium
Vascular cambium
Produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
In woody plants where does cork cambium arise within?
Cortex, epidermis, phloem.
Cork cambium
Meristematic tissue. Produces Cork: protective tissue (which produces outer bark) and phelloderm: living parenchyma tissue.
Basswood Stem for secondary growth (1,2,3 years’ growth)
What are the types of specialized stems?
Rhizomes, Runners, Stolons, Bulbs, Corms, Cladophylls, Thorns, and Tendrils.
What do all leaves originate as?
Primordia
Arrangement of veins (venation) in leaf
Netted (eudicots) or parallel (monocots).
Petiole
A stalk,
Rachis
Sessile leaf
The base of the leaf form a sheath around the stem *Common in monocots
Simple leaf
Single blade
Compound leaf (pinnate, palmate)
Divided into leaflets
Palmately compound leaves
All leaflets attach at the same point at the end of the petiole.
Pinnately compound leaves
Leaves have leaflets in pairs along the rachis. *May be further subdivided as bipinnately compound (EX: Albisia sp.)
Stoma
Allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen and water to diffuse out.
Guard cells
Control stomatal opening
trichome
Hydrophyte
Stomata occur in the upper leaves (floating); lack of stomata (submerged leaves)
Xerophyte
Contain greater number of stomate, sunken stomate with epidermal hairs/trichomes.
Cuticle
Often present in epidermis, waxy.
What is the general pattern of phyllotaxy (leaf arrangement)?
Alternate/helical, Opposite, or Whorled.
Alternate/helical
One leaf per node
Opposite
two leaves per node
Whorled
Three or more per node.
What are scattered throughout the mesophyll?
Veins (vascular bundles), that consist of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded by the bundle sheath.
Do monocot leaves have differentiated mesophyll?
No
What are the characteristics of leaves found in the arid regions?
Thick leathery leaves and few stomata, some have succulent, water-retaining leaves, or dense, hairy coverings.
What are the differences between sun leaves and shade leaves?
Thinner, have fewer hairs than leaves on the same tree exposed to direct light.
Where does photosynthesis take place in leaf?
Mesophyll (ground tissue), between the two epidermal layers.
What are the two types of mesophyll?
Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll.
Palisade mesophyll
Uppermost layer with most of leaf’s chloroplasts.
Spongy Mesophyll
Lower layer with more air spaces.
Reproductive leaves
New plants at tips.
Tendrils
Modified leaves that curl around more rigid objects helping the plant to climb or support weak stems.
Spines
Modified leaves designed to reduce water loss and protect from herbivory.
Prickles
Outgrowths from the epidermis or cortex.
Peduncle
Stalk that supports inflorescence flowers.