Botany Exam 3

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143 Terms

1
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Which type of lateral meristem produces secondary vascular tissues?

Vascular Cambium

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Where is Vascular cambium present in eudicot stems?

Between the xylem and phloem.

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What does vascular cambium contribute in woody dicots?

Secondary growth.

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What pattern does xylem and phloem exist in monocot stems?

Discrete/scattered vascular bundles.

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Where are the majority of vascular bundles in monocot stems located?

Near the outside edge.

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What are the vascular bundles of monocot stems surrounded by?

Large ground tissue parenchyma cells, no pith.

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In monocot stems, the sclerenchyma cells outline what and surround what?

Vascular bundles and xylem.

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What is not present in monocot stem?

cambium.

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Bundle sheath cells

Thicker walled sclerenchyma cells, cover entire vascular bundle.

10
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<p>Identify A &amp; B of Monocot cross section.</p>

Identify A & B of Monocot cross section.

A. Vascular Bundles and B. Ground tissue

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<p>Identify A - E of enlarged monocot cross section</p>

Identify A - E of enlarged monocot cross section

A. Sclerenchyma cells, B. Phloem, C. Ground Tissue, D. Air space, E. Xylem

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What do the stems of most monocots neither have?

Vascular cambium or cork cambium. Don’t produce secondary vascular tissues or cork.

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<p>Identify A - H in a vascular bundle of corn. </p>

Identify A - H in a vascular bundle of corn.

A. Phloem, B. Xylem, C. Bundle sheath cell, D. Sieve tube member, E. Companion cell, F. Vessel element, G. Air space, H. Ground tissue (parenchyma)

14
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Eudicot Stem Cross section

Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring, pith (soft inner portion) is composed of parenchyma cells, cortex (hard outer region) is external to vascular bundles.

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<p>Identify A - C on Eudicot cross section. </p>

Identify A - C on Eudicot cross section.

A. Vascular bundles, B. Pith, C. Cortex.

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<p>Identify A -E on Medicago stem. </p>

Identify A -E on Medicago stem.

A. Epidermis, B. Pith, C. Vascular bundles, D. Interfascicular region, E. Cortex

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<p>Identify A-C in vascular bundle in buttercup stem. </p>

Identify A-C in vascular bundle in buttercup stem.

A. Bundle sheath, B. Primary phloem, C. Primary xylem

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<p>Identify A - I in alfalfa stem. </p>

Identify A - I in alfalfa stem.

A. Primary phloem fibers, B. Stoma, C. Primary phloem, D. Collenchyma, E. Parenchyma, F. Epidermis, G. Interfascicular Cambium, G. Primary xylem, H. Fascicular cambium

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Example of a Eudicot stem

Sunflower (Helianthus)

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<p>Identify the parts of a eudicot stem</p>

Identify the parts of a eudicot stem

A. Cortex, B. V. cambium, C. Xylem, D. Pith, E. Sclerenchyma cells, F. Phloem

21
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Which type of lateral meristem produces cork cells and phelloderm?

Cork Cambium.

22
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Shoot

consists of the stem and its leaves, the above ground portion of the plant, develops from the embryo.

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Plumule

Part of seed embryo that further develops into the shoot of the plant.

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Leaf primordium

Mass number of cells (embryonic) that emerge from apical meristem that forms leaves.

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Bud primordium

Mass number of cells (embryonic) that emerge from apical meristem to from lateral shoots (branches).

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Phytomeres

Repeated unites of leaf and bud primordia.

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Primary Meristems

Ground meristem, Procambium, Apical meristem, Bud primordium, Protoderm.

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Lateral Meristem

Axillary bud, Epidermis, Vascular cambium, Cork Cambium.

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Which is younger, Primary or lateral meristem?

Primary.

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Which is older, Primary or lateral meristem?

Lateral meristem

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What growth is lateral meristem?

Secondary growth.

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Node

point where leaves, buds, or branching twigs originate

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Internode

links the nodes of the plant together.

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Interfasicular region

Between the bundles (parenchyma cells)

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Summer Wood

Xylem produced next has smaller or fewer elements

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Spring wood

Large vessel elements of secondary xylem.

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Rhizomes

Horizontal stems that grow below ground EX: iris

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Runners

Horizontal stems that generally grow along surface

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Stolons

Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions. Ex. Tuber (Potatoe)

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Bulbs

Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with small stem at the lower end. Ex: Onion

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Corms

Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue. EX: Crocus and gladiolus

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Cladophylls

Flattened, leaf-like stems. Ex: Pear-cacti

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Thorns

Sharp woody spines EX: Acacia Tree

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Tendrils

Twisting, threadlike structure.

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Annual ring

One year’s growth of xyelm

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Sapwood

Newer, outer rings of functioning xylem

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Heartwood

Older, inner xylem rings are no longer involved in conduction.

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Softwood

Lacks of vessels, tracheids are dominant cell type; gymnosperms

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Hardwood

Contains vessels, tracheids, fibers; angiosperms.

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Vascular Rays

Consist of parenchyma cells that function in lateral conductions of nutrients and water

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What are the types of vascular rays?

Xylem Ray and Phloem Ray.

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Periderm

Replaces the epidermis of secondary plant body.

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Bark

Refers to all tissues outside the vascular cambium, including the phloem.

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Inner bark

Secondary phloem mainly

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Outer Bark

Cork tissues and cork cambium.

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Lenticel

Part of periderm with intercellular spaces, facilitate gas exchange.

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<p>Identify A-F in Periderm of elderberry stem.</p>

Identify A-F in Periderm of elderberry stem.

A. Epidermis, B. Cork, C. Cork cambium, D. Phelloderm, E. Collenchyma, F. Parenchyma

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What is the tissue pattern in monocot stems?

Has Cortex, no pith. Vascular bundles are circular, have a spread-out pattern (like polka dots), has ground tissue surround the vascular bundles.

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What is the tissue pattern in herbaceous eudicot stems?

Has a cortex, pith, vascular cylinder, narrow interfascicular region.

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What kind of vascular bundles do Herbaceous eudicots have?

Discrete vascular bundles composed of patches of xylem and phloem.

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What does procambium only produce?

Primary Xylem and Phloem.

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What does vascular cambium add to herbaceous eudicot stems?

Later adds, Secondary phloem and xylem to the vascular bundles

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What may the narrow band of cells between the primary xylem and primary phloem become?

Vascular cambium

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Vascular cambium

Produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

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In woody plants where does cork cambium arise within?

Cortex, epidermis, phloem.

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Cork cambium

Meristematic tissue. Produces Cork: protective tissue (which produces outer bark) and phelloderm: living parenchyma tissue.

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Basswood Stem for secondary growth (1,2,3 years’ growth)

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What are the types of specialized stems?

Rhizomes, Runners, Stolons, Bulbs, Corms, Cladophylls, Thorns, and Tendrils.

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What do all leaves originate as?

Primordia

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Arrangement of veins (venation) in leaf

Netted (eudicots) or parallel (monocots).

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Petiole

A stalk,

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Rachis

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Sessile leaf

The base of the leaf form a sheath around the stem *Common in monocots

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Simple leaf

Single blade

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Compound leaf (pinnate, palmate)

Divided into leaflets

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Palmately compound leaves

All leaflets attach at the same point at the end of the petiole.

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Pinnately compound leaves

Leaves have leaflets in pairs along the rachis. *May be further subdivided as bipinnately compound (EX: Albisia sp.)

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Stoma

Allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen and water to diffuse out.

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Guard cells

Control stomatal opening

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trichome

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Hydrophyte

Stomata occur in the upper leaves (floating); lack of stomata (submerged leaves)

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Xerophyte

Contain greater number of stomate, sunken stomate with epidermal hairs/trichomes.

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Cuticle

Often present in epidermis, waxy.

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What is the general pattern of phyllotaxy (leaf arrangement)?

Alternate/helical, Opposite, or Whorled.

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Alternate/helical

One leaf per node

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Opposite

two leaves per node

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Whorled

Three or more per node.

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What are scattered throughout the mesophyll?

Veins (vascular bundles), that consist of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded by the bundle sheath.

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Do monocot leaves have differentiated mesophyll?

No

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What are the characteristics of leaves found in the arid regions?

Thick leathery leaves and few stomata, some have succulent, water-retaining leaves, or dense, hairy coverings.

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What are the differences between sun leaves and shade leaves?

Thinner, have fewer hairs than leaves on the same tree exposed to direct light.

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Where does photosynthesis take place in leaf?

Mesophyll (ground tissue), between the two epidermal layers.

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What are the two types of mesophyll?

Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll.

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Palisade mesophyll

Uppermost layer with most of leaf’s chloroplasts.

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Spongy Mesophyll

Lower layer with more air spaces.

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Reproductive leaves

New plants at tips.

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Tendrils

Modified leaves that curl around more rigid objects helping the plant to climb or support weak stems.

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Spines

Modified leaves designed to reduce water loss and protect from herbivory.

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Prickles

Outgrowths from the epidermis or cortex.

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Peduncle

Stalk that supports inflorescence flowers.