Exam 1 Practice

homosexual stuff

All of the following statements are true according to cell theory EXCEPT

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a) a cell is the basic unit of life
b) organisms are made of at least one cell
c) cells are formed from other cells
d) organs are made of a single type of cell

organs are made of a single type of cell - wrong bc organs are made of many cell types

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A, B, C are fax

A skeleton has been found that appears to be human in origin. What features would you
expect it to have?

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a) small skull and use of two limbs for movement
b) use of four limbs for movement and erect posture
c) erect posture and large skull
d) small skull and four limbs for movement

erect posture and large skull

Which would be an example of physiology?

\
a) identification of a new bone
b) documenting the physical area where a heart is damaged
c) tracing the blood vessels used from an organ to the heart
d) explaining how a neuron conducts a signal

explaining how a neuron conducts a signal

Someone who studies the kidneys would be a/an ____ physiologist.

Renal

Which is an incorrect pairing of a structure-function relationship?

\
a) a thick layer of cells in an organ allowing exchange
b) a wide tube in an area where lots of flow is needed
c) strong bones in an area that bears more weight
d) elastic tissue in areas that stretch frequently

a thick layer of cells in an organ allowing exchange - probs shouldnt be thicc

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B, C, D good

Select the molecule from the options below.

a) N

b) H2O

c) O2

d) H2O and O2

H2O + O2

Proteins and RNA are examples of atoms.

True or false?

False

Place the levels of organization in order from MOST to LEAST complex.

\
a) organismal, system, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom
b) organ, system, cell, atom, molecule, organismal, tissue
c) atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, organismal
d) cell, tissue, organ, organismal, system, atom, molecule

organismal, system, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom

Skin is an example of ___ tissue.

epithelial

If one is unable to move, even if the tissue is directly stimulated, the first tissue to check would be

\
a) epithelial tissue
b) connective tissue
c) muscle tissue
d) nervous tissue

muscle tissue

Which of the following is a defining feature of organs?

\
a) they are composed of two or more different atoms
b) they are composed of two or more different cells
c) they are composed of two or more different molecules
d) they are composed of two or more different tissues

they are composed of 2 or more different tissues

Fluids are not circulating around the body, so the problem is most likely due to the
____ systems.

\
a) muscular and endocrine
b) cardiovascular and lymphatic
c) immune and skeletal
d) respiratory and digestive

cardiovascular and lymphatic

The gonads, epididymis, vas deferens, uterus, and vagina are all organs that are part of
the _____ system, the main function of which is _____.

\
a) endocrine; formation of a new organism
b) reproductive; formation of a new organism
c) urinary; removal of wastes
d) integumentary; protects the body

reproductive; formation of a new organism

An emergent property of the ____ system is physical breakdown and absorption of
nutrients.

digestive

Integration between the ____ systems allows the body to maintain pH homeostasis.

\
a) respiratory and urinary
b) endocrine and cardiovascular
c) immune and lymphatic
d) integumentary and immune

respiratory and urinary

Which of the following situations would most likely have the greatest increase in
catabolic reactions compared to anabolic reactions occurring in the body?

\
a) an athlete going through pre-season conditioning
b) a person on a hunger strike
c) a child going through a rapid growth spurt
d) an individual maintaining a healthy eating and exercise plan

a person on a hunger strike

You are watching a cooking show when your stomach suddenly rumbles. This is an
example of the life process of

\
a) responsiveness
b) movement
c) differentiation
d) reproduction

responsiveness

We consider movement to have been observed if it occurs at the ____ level.


a) intracellular
b) organismal
c) organ
d) All of the choices are correct.

all of the choices are correct

Select the correct relationship between growth and reproduction.


a) both occur when an individual cell increases in size
b) both occur when total numbers of cells increase
c) both occur only when two half-cells merge
d) both occur when the substances around the cells increase in volume

both occur when total numbers of cell increase

Many compounds in our body are regulated to maintain homeostatic levels. Which of
the following would NOT be maintained in homeostasis?


a) oxygen
b) glucose
c) temperature
d) carbon dioxide
e) All of the choices are normally maintained in homeostasis.

all of the above are maintained in homeostasis

The urinary and respiratory systems rely on the cardiovascular system to circulate the
blood with which they exchange wastes and gases. This reliance is an example of


a) equilibrium
b) emergent properties
c) integration
d) differentiation

integration

Approximately how much of the total body fluid is comprised of plasma?

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a) 1/3 \* 1/5 = 1/15 (6.6%)
b) 1/3 \* 4/5 = 4/15 (26.6%)
c) 2/3 \* 1/5 = 2/15 (13.3%)
d) 2/3 \* 4/5 = 8/15 (53.3%)

1/3 \* 1/5 = 1/15 (6.6%)

A 200 pound lean male (60% fluid) has about ___ lbs of interstitial fluid.


a) 32
b) 8
c) 16
d) 64

200 \* .6 = 120

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120 \* .266 = 32

\
32

The body’s internal environment is composed of
a) intracellular fluid
b) extracellular fluid
c) air surrounding the body
d) interstitial fluid only

extracellular fluid

Blood capillaries have anatomical features to increase the transfer between plasma and interstitial fluid to maintain homeostasis. What structural features would you expect would help?


a) few capillaries
b) great distance between cells and capillaries
c) thin walls
d) fewer capillaries with thin walls

thin walls

The body uses the nervous and endocrine systems to regulate homeostatic changes,
but the endocrine is much slower. This occurs because


a) hormones travel via neurons, which only go to a few places in the body
b) hormones travel via blood, and it takes longer for the blood to reach all the cells of the
body
c) hormones travel via the lungs, so they can only reach the body during inspiration
d) hormones travel as electrical signals and they disappear quickly, so not all signals reach
the organs

hormones travel via blood and it takes longer for the blood to reach all the cells of the body

Feedback systems maintain homeostasis by monitoring and responding to changes in
a parameter. The monitored parameter maintained in a homeostatic state is called the

\
a) effector
b) receptor
c) control center
d) controlled variable

controlled variable

A disruption to a controlled variable is called a stimulus. The stimulus interacts with
a/an _____ to activate a feedback system.

\
a) effector
b) receptor
c) control center
d) controlled variable

receptor

Oxygen levels have decreased during a period of exercise, leading to an increase in
respiration rate. In the feedback system that regulates blood gasses, the lungs are acting
as the


a) receptor
b) control center
c) stimulus
d) effector

effector

In a feedback system, the effector typically affects the variable that served as a
stimulus. Based on that, which of these is NOT an example of a feedback system?


a) increasing the rate of respiration in response to a decrease in oxygen levels
b) decreasing the rate of glycogenesis in response to decreased glucose levels
c) increasing contraction strength in response to the baby’s head pushing on the cervix
d) decreasing blood pressure in response to a large blood volume loss

The answer is D because decreasing blood pressure in response to a large blood volume loss is an example of a feedforward system, not a feedback system. In a feedback system, the effector affects the same variable that served as the stimulus, while in a feedforward system, the effector affects a different variable than the one that served as the stimulus. In this case, the large blood volume loss serves as the stimulus and the effector, which is the decrease in blood pressure, affects a different variable, which is the blood pressure.

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a) Increasing the rate of respiration in response to a decrease in oxygen levels is an example of a feedback system. The decrease in oxygen levels serves as the stimulus, and the effector, which is the increase in respiration rate, affects the same variable by increasing the amount of oxygen that is taken in.

b) Decreasing the rate of glycogenesis in response to decreased glucose levels is also an example of a feedback system. The decrease in glucose levels serves as the stimulus, and the effector, which is the decrease in the rate of glycogenesis, affects the same variable by reducing the amount of glucose that is stored.

c) Increasing contraction strength in response to the baby's head pushing on the cervix is also an example of a feedback system. The baby's head pushing on the cervix serves as the stimulus, and the effector, which is the increase in contraction strength, affects the same variable by increasing the strength of uterine contractions to facilitate childbirth.

In summary, a, b, and c are correct because they all describe examples of feedback systems in which the effector affects the same variable that served as the stimulus.

* Receptor: A sensory cell or organ that detects changes in the environment (the stimulus) and sends signals to the control center.
* Control center: The part of the feedback system that receives the signals from the receptors, processes the information, and sends commands to the effectors.
* Stimulus: A change in the environment that elicits a response from the feedback system.
* Effector: The part of the feedback system that carries out the response to the stimulus. It can be a muscle, a gland, or any other type of organ that can produce a response.
* Controlled variable: The variable that the feedback system aims to regulate, maintain or control. The controlled variable is often affected by the stimulus and is the target of the response produced by the effector.

In a feedback system, the receptor detects a change in the environment and sends a signal to the control center. The control center processes the information and sends a command to the effector. The effector then produces a response that affects the controlled variable, either by increasing or decreasing it. The controlled variable then stimulates the receptor to send another signal to the control center, starting the process over again. This cyclical process allows the feedback system to regulate the controlled variable and maintain it within a certain range.

feedback vs feedforward system

In summary, a feedback system is reactive, responding to changes after they have occurred, while a feedforward system is proactive, anticipating changes before they occur.

A negative feedback loop maintains homeostasis. True or false?

True

How is a positive feedback system different from a negative feedback system?

a) the effector causes a change to a controlled variable
b) positive feedback systems have no controlled variable
c) positive feedback systems increase the initial change in the variable
d) positive feedback systems oppose the initial change in the variable

positive feedback systems increase the initial change in the variable

In the positive feedback system of childbirth, the “receptor” is found in the


a) brain
b) cervix
c) uterus
d) fetus

cervix

If blood pressure decreases, then the heart and blood vessels (effectors) will respond
by


a) increasing heart rate and constricting
b) increasing heart rate and dilating
c) decreasing heart rate and constricting
d) decreasing heart rate and dilating

increase heart rate + constricting

An athlete has been working out for several hours and was sweating profusely, but has
now stopped even though she continues to exercise. Where is the most likely source of the
problem?


a) thermoreceptors are no longer sensing her temperature
b) neurons have suddenly stopped producing the action potentials for communication
c) the brain is no longer regulating temperature
d) sweat glands can no longer produce sweat due to dehydration

sweat glands can no longer produce sweat due to dehydration

Pavlov’s dog was given food every time a tone sounded. Eventually, the dog increased
salivation rates just by hearing the tone, even if food was not given to it. The increase is
salivation rates is occurs through


a) negative feedback systems
b) positive feedback systems
c) feedforward controls
d) homeostatic imbalances

feedforward control

A disorder of the respiratory system can be diagnosed using which of the following
symptoms?

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a) fever
b) increased blood pressure
c) increased respiratory rate
d) sense of breathlessness

sense of breathlessness

Hippocrates originally believed that disease was due to an imbalance in


a) homeostasis
b) blood pressure
c) the four humors
d) feedback systems

the 4 humors (blood, phlegm. yellow bile, black bile

Which Greek historical figure is credited with recognizing that the function of a part
can be determined by its structure?


a) Hippocrates
b) Aristotle
c) Erasistratus
d) Galen

Aristotle

The Scientific Revolution occurred during


a) the 5 th and 6 th centuries (BC) with Greek philosophers
b) the 16 th and 17 th centuries coinciding with the European Renaissance
c) the 18 th and 19 th centuries with English and German scientists
d) the 20 th century with English, German, and American scientists

16th and 17th centuries coinciding with the European Renaissance

Cell Theory (stating that the cell is the basic unit of life) was soundly established by the
mid


a) 5 th century
b) 17 th century
c) 19 th century
d) 20 th century

19th century

Claude Bernard first suggested that multicellular organisms have a constant “milieu
interieur” that allow them to thrive. This observation was later deemed ____ by Walter
B Cannon.


a) Cell Theory
b) Structure-Function Relationships
c) The Frank-Starling Law

d) homeostasis

homeostasis

Key areas of current physiological research include all of the following EXCEPT


a) genomics
b) proteomics
c) organ system functions
d) integration

organ system functions

Your text describes an experiment designed to test the hypothesis that exercise
increases the levels of HDLs in the bloodstream. Assuming the results supported the
hypothesis, the graph of the data would show


a) time on the x-axis, HDL levels on the y-axis and lines sloping up
b) time on the x-axis, HDL levels on the y-axis and lines sloping down
c) HDL levels on the x-axis, time on the y-axis and lines sloping up
d) HDL levels on the x-axis, time on the y-axis and lines sloping down

time on the x-axis, HDL levels on the y-axis and lines sloping up

If exercise does increase HDL levels in the blood, then which of these correctly states
the relationship between the experimental and control groups?


a) both experimental and control groups show similar increases in HDL levels
b) both experimental and control groups show stabilization of HDL levels
c) the experimental group would show a significant increase in HDL levels compared to the
control group
d) the experimental group would show a significant decrease in HDL levels compared to
the control group

the experimental group would show a significant increase in HDL levels compared to the
control group

If an experiment is run using animal models, the data generated can be applied
directly to humans.

True or false?

False

Often both quantitative and qualitative data are collected during an experiment.
Which of the following questions would be about qualitative data?


a) What are the subject’s blood glucose levels?
b) What is the subjects blood pressure?

c) What is the maximum weight lifted?
d) What symptoms does the subject have at this time (fatigue, nausea)?

What symptoms does the subject have at this time (fatigue, nausea)?

What is the difference between the scientific method and scientific inquiry?


a) the number of subjects involved
b) the type of data (qualitative vs quantitative) collected
c) the level of training the main investigator has acquired
d) the order of steps followed

the order of steps followed

You have been asked to write a report over the most recent research on Ebola
treatments. Your most reliable source to research would be


a) peer-reviewed journals
b) non-peer-reviewed journals
c) recently published text book
d) various internet sites

peer-reviewed journals

Physiologists most often answer questions using the ____ approach.


a) mechanistic
b) teleological
c) philosophical
d) historical

mechanistic = relating to theories which explain phenomena in purely physical or deterministic terms

Which of the following would be a mechanistic answer to the question “Why are
sprinters fast over short distances?”


a) by definition, a sprint can not be over 200 yards
b) because they use up all of their energy
c) because they have a high concentration of muscle fibers that produce a large amount of
power, but fatigue quickly
d) because they become mentally fatigued over longer distances and quit running.

because they have a high concentration of muscle fibers that produce a large amount of
power, but fatigue quickly

Referring to the flow chart, what directly causes the muscles of the uterus to contract
more forcefully?

\
a) cervical stretch
b) action potentials in cervical nerve cells
c) oxytocin from the brain
d) the baby’s body pushing on the cervix

Oxytocin from the brain

Based on the graph, the greatest change in diastolic blood pressure occurred during

\
a) the first two weeks
b) the last two weeks
c) the fourth week
d) It is impossible to say, as the change appears to occur at a constant rate.

the first 2 weeks

Which systems work together with the respiratory system in the process of respiration?


a) cardiovascular and lymphatic
b) endocrine and renal
c) digestive and integumentary

d) muscular and nervous

muscular and nervous

Today the most detailed level at which physiologists are able to describe the mechanism of action is the


a) organ level
b) system level
c) molecular level
d) molecular and organ level

molecular level

A chemical released into the blood fails to communicate with its receptor on/in a
target organ or cell. You suspect there is an issue with a/an


a) neurotransmitter
b) local modulator
c) hormone
d) enzyme

hormone

An astronaut weighs less on the moon because


a) he has less mass
b) he has less matter
c) the force of gravity is less
d) the distance from the earth is less

the force of gravity is less

The lesser elements include
a) H
b) Ca
c) C
d) N

Ca

An atom with 10 electrons would have


a) two shells, both full
b) two shells, first is full and second has ten openings
c) two shells, first is full and second has six openings
d) two shells, first is full and second has sixteen openings

2 shells both full

\
2, 8

What is the atomic number of an atom with 15 electrons, 15 protons, and 16 neutrons?


a) 16
b) 15
c) 31
d) 46

15

atomic # = # protons

How many neutrons does 37 Cl have, given an atomic number of 17?


a) 18
b) 17
c) 20
d) 37

20

Which of the following is a true statement about radioactive isotopes?


a) all have rapid decay times
b) all decay by losing neutrons, but remain the same element
c) all are unstable, decaying to more stable forms
d) the half-life refers to half the time required for complete decay

all are unstable, decaying to more stable forms

Chemical symbols are used to denote different ____; these are ordered in the periodic table
based on the number of protons that they contain.

elements

The subatomic particles that are important in understanding most biological reactions include
protons with positive charge, and ____ with no charge.

neutrons

The element ____ is the most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid.

chlorine

The ion ____ is the most plentiful cation in intracellular fluid.

potassium

Molecules which share an atomic number but differ in number of neutrons are known as _____.

isotope

Ionization occurs when an atom gains or loses
a) electrons
b) protons
c) neutrons
d) protons and neutrons

electrons

Free radicals are very reactive because they have an unpaired ____ that interacts with other
molecules.
a) protons
b) electrons
c) neutrons
d) protons or electrons

electrons

How many atoms of oxygen are in a molecule of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 )?
a) 6
b) 1
c) 3
d) 2

6

Select the molecule that is NOT a compound.

a) CaCl2

b) H2O

c) O2

d) CH4

O2

_____ is another name for an atomic mass number, and one widely used to describe protein
mass.

dalton

A molecule with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell is known as a/an ____ _____.
These may contribute significantly to dementia, aging of cells, and even atherosclerosis.

free radical

An atom that will likely form a cation
a) has only one or two electrons in its valence shell
b) has six or seven electrons in its valence shell
c) has a valence shell that is half full
d) has a valence shell that is completely full

has only one or 2 electrons in its valence shells

Select the atom that would most likely form an anion from the following.
a) Ca
b) K
c) F
d) Ca and K

F

Which of the following atoms could form a triple covalent bond?
a) C
b) Ca
c) O
d) H

Carbon

An ionic compound which breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution is called a/an _____.

electrolyte

Covalent bonds where electron sharing is equal are more specifically termed _____ covalent bonds.

nonpolar

In polar covalent bonds, the element which has partial negative charge has greater _____ than the other atoms.

electronegativity

In order for an atom to form a triple bond, it must
a) have at least three electrons in its valence shell
b) be missing at least three electrons from its valence shell
c) bind to an atom from a different element
d) have at least three electrons or be missing three electrons from its valence shell

have at least 3 electrons or be missing 3 electrons from its valence shell

The molecule ___ has a polar covalent bond.
a) O 2
b) CH 4
c) N 2
d) CO 2

CO2

Short-term bonding between two molecules due to a temporary change in electron
distribution is termed
a) ionic bonding
b) covalent bonding
c) van der Waals interaction
d) hydrogen bonding

van der Waals interaction

Van der Waals interactions can be interrupted if
a) two molecules are too far apart
b) two molecules are too close
c) two molecules are already using hydrogen bonds
d) two molecules are too close or too far apart

2 molecules are too close or too far apart

For the chemical reaction 2NH 3 → N 2 + __ H 2 , how many H 2 molecules will be produced for
every two NH 3 that react?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 1
d) It depends on how many N 2 are formed.

3

According to the law of mass action, if the concentration of CO 2 decreases in the reaction CO 2 +
H 2 O ← → H 2 CO 3 , then
a) the reaction rate in the forward direction will increase
b) the reaction rate in the reverse direction will increase
c) the equilibrium will be disrupted
d) the equilibrium will be disrupted and the reaction rate in the reverse direction will increase

the equilibrium will be disrupted and the reaction rate in the reverse direction will increase

Water is an excellent solvent for substances
a) that are held together by ionic bonds
b) that are held together by non-polar covalent bonds
c) that are hydrophobic
d) that form bonds by sharing electrons equally

that are held together by ionic bonds

Fill in the terms to make this sentence correct: When the ____ is dissolved into the ____, it
forms a ____.
a) solution; solute; solvent
b) solute; solvent; solution
c) solvent; solution; solute
d) solute; solution; solvent

solute, solvent, solution

Many ions are dissolved in the plasma of the blood. In this case the ions are the
a) solvent
b) solution
c) solute
d) solvent and solution

solute

You are given an unknown liquid that mixes well with oil. From this, you determine that
a) the liquid would also mix well with water
b) the liquid would be a good solvent for salts
c) the liquid is likely hydrophilic
d) the liquid is likely hydrophobic
e) the liquid is likely hydrophilic, meaning it will mix well with water and is a good solvent for salts

the liquid is likely hydrophobic

When a chemical reaction is at _____ _____, the rate of forward and reverse reactions are
equal.

chemical equilibrium

Compounds which lack carbon molecules, and usually, complexity, are ____ compounds.

inorganic

Organic compounds must at a minimum contain the element _____.

carbon

When colute particles are large enough to scatter light, the liquid is technically a/an _____;
this differs from a suspension where particles may precipitate.

colloid

Concentration of a solution is expressed by _____ when the units refer to number of moles of
solute per liter of solution.

molarity

Sweating cools the body because
a) the water in the sweat is cooler than the body temperature
b) the salts in the sweat utilize the energy in body heat to dissociate
c) the water in sweat uses a large amount of body heat to evaporate
d) water has a low heat of vaporization, which means the water is cooler when it evaporates

the water in sweat uses a large amount of body heat to evaporate

When water levels in the body decrease below normal, one would have
a) more difficulty maintaining body temperature
b) lower heat of vaporization
c) more lubrication at joints
d) a higher heat capacity

more difficulty maintaining body temperature

You are given a sample of a cloudy liquid and set it on the desk. A few minutes later, you notice
a layer of something on the bottom and the liquid appears to be clearing. Based on your
observations, you can say with certainty that this sample is a
a) solution
b) colloid
c) suspension
d) solution and suspension

suspension

A 20% glucose solution can be made by adding
a) 20 moles of glucose to enough water to make 1 L
b) 20 moles of glucose to enough water to make 100 ml
c) 20 grams of glucose to enough water to make 1 L
d) 20 grams of glucose to enough water to make 100 ml

20 grams of glucose to enough water to make 100mL