Chapter 4 Anatomy Flashcards

epithelial tissue

tissue that includes the epithelia and the glands

epithelium

a layer of cells that covers internal or external surfaces; cells are bound closely together, a free surface exposed to the environment or to some internal chamber or passageway, attachment to underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane; absence of blood vessels (avascular) - must obtain nutrients from deeper tissues or from their exposed surfaces

4 functions of epithelia

provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions

exocrine secretion

a secretion discharged onto the surface of the skin or other epithelial surface enzymes entering the digestive tract, perspiration on the skin, and milk produced by mammary glands

endocrine secretion

a secretion (hormones) released into the surrounding tissues and blood - pancreas, thyroid, and pituitary gland

hormones

secretions from an endocrine gland; regulate and coordinate the activities of other tissues, organs, and organ systems

tight junction

outermost lipid layers of adjacent cell membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins; prevent the passage of water and solutes between cells; common between epithelial cells exposed to harsh chemicals or powerful enzymes - tight junctions between epithelial cells lining the digestive tract keep digestive enzymes, stomach acids, pr waste products from damaging the underlying tissue

gap junction

junction in which two cells are held together by interlocked membrane proteins; abundant in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle tissue; channel proteins so the result is a narrow passageway that lets small molecules and ions pass from cell to cell - essential to the coordination of muscle contractions

desmosomes

junction in which the cell membranes of two cells are locked together by intercellular cement and a network of fine protein filaments; very strong, and the connection can resist stretching - in the skin, these links are so strong that dead cells are usually shed in thick sheets, rather than individually

hemidesmosomes

resemble half of a button desmosome and attach a cell to the basement membrane

basement membrane

a layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue - provides strength and resisting distortion, a barrier that restricts the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the underlying connective tissue

layer: simple epithelium

consists of a single layer of cells covering the basement membrane; found only in protected areas in body; fragile and cannot provide mechanical protection; secretion or absorption occurs - line the internal compartments and passageways including the body cavities, interior of the heart and blood vessels, the digestive system, urinary tracts and the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

layer: stratified epithelium

provides a greater degree of protection because it has several layers of cells above the basement membrane; found in areas subjected to mechanical stresses - surface of skin and lining of mouth and anus

shape: squamos epithelium

cells are thin and flat and the nucleus occupies the thickest portion of the cell - fried eggs laid side by side

shape: cuboidal epithelium

resemble little hexagonal boxes when seen in 3D views, in sectional view they appear square - form neat row

shape: columnar epithelium

cells are tall, slender, and hexagonal; nucleus crowded near basement membrane

simple squamos epithelium

epithelium found in protected regions where absirotion takes place or where a slick, slippery surgace reduces friction - portions of the kidney tubules, the exchange surface surfaces of the lungs, lining of body cavities, and the lining of blood vessels and the heart

simple cuboidal epithelium

epithelium that provides limited protection and occurs in regions where secretion or absorption takes place

simple columnar epithelium

provides some protection and may also occur in areas of absorption or secretion; lines the stomach, the intestinal tract, and many excretory ducts

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

an epithelium containing several layers of nuclei but whose cells are all in contact with the underlying basement membranes

transitional epithelium

epithelium that withstands considerable stretching; lines ureters and bladder

stratified squamos epithelium

epithelium found where mechanical stresses are severe

goblet cells

unicellular glands

apocrine secretion

secretion that involves the loss of both cytoplasm and the secretory product

holocrine secretion

secretion in which the entire cell becomes packed with secretions and then bursts apart and dies

Connective tissues

type of tissue that provides a structural framework for the body that stabilize the relative positions of the other tissue types; always has cell products, cells, and ground substance

connective tissue proper

contains a varied cell population, fibers, and a syrupy ground substance

macrophages

cells that engulf damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue and release chemicals that mobilize the immune system

fibroblasts

most abundant cells in connective tissue proper; responsibke for the production and maintenance of the connective tissue fibers and the ground substance

fat cells

AKA adipocytes; cells that contain such a large droplet of lipid that the nucleus and other organelles are squeezed to one side of the cell

mast cells

small, mobile connective tissue cells often found near blood vessels which are packed with vesicles filled with chemicals that are released to begin the body's defensive activies afterf an injury

antibodies

proteins that destroy invading microorganisms or foreign substances

stem cells

cells that respond to local injury by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into different connective tissue cells

collagen fibers

fibers that are long, straigt, and unbranched; strong but flexible

elastic fibers

fibers that are branched and wavy, and after stretching will return to their original length

reticular fibers

(least common of fibers); thinner and commonly form a branching, interwoven framework in various organs

marfan's syndrome

an inherited condition caused by the production of an abnormal form of fibrillin

fibrillin

a carbohydrate protein complex important to normal connective tissue strength and elasticity

loose connective tissue

AKA areolar tissue; the least specialized connective tissue, which forms a layer that separates the skin from underlying muscles, providing padding and large amound of independent movement

adipose tissue

loose connective tissue containing a large number of fat cells

dense connective tissues

tissues that consist mostly of collagen fibers

tendons

cords of dense connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones

ligaments

bundles of fibers that connect bone to bone

red blood cell

accounts for half the volume of blood

white blood cell

blood cells that are important components of the immune system

platelets

cell fragments that function in blood clotting

arteries

network that carries blood away from the heart and towards capillaries

veins

collect and return blood to heart

lymphocytes

white blood cells

cartilage

firm gell containing embedded fibers

chondrocytes

the only cells found within the matrix, which live in small pockets known as lucunae; obtain nutrients and eliminate waste products by diffusion through matrix

perichondrium

layer that surrounds a cartilage; consisting of an outer fibrous and inner cellular region

hyaline cartilage

the most common type of cartilage; tough and sometimes flexible; connects ribs to sternum

elastic cartilage

cartilage that contains numerous elastic fibers that make it extremely resilient and flexible; outer ear and epiglottis

fibrocartilage

cartilage that is has little ground substance and whose matrix is dominated by collagen fibers ; lie between vertebral and spinal columns

bone

AKA osseous tissue; volume of ground substance is very small, matrix consists mainly of hard calcium compounds and flexible collagen fibers

osteocytes

bone cells

canaliculi

bony matrix

periosteum

a covering made up of fibrous and cellular layers, which surrounds each bone

mucous membrane

AKA mucosae; membrane that lines cavities that communicate with the exterior and secretes a thick, slippery mucus

lamina propria

connective tissue portion of a mucous membrane

serous membrane

membranes that line the sealed, internal divisions of the ventral body cavity

pleura

serous membrane which lines pleural cavity and covers lungs

peritoneium

serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity and covers the surfaces of enclosed organs

pericardium

serous membrane that lines trhe pericardial cavity and covers the heart

parietal portion of serous membrane

lines the inner surface of organs within the body cavity

visceral portion of serous membrane

covers outer surface of organs within the body cavity

serous fluid

watery fluid formed by fluids dissolves from underlying tissues

cutaneous membrane

membrane that covers the surface of the body; consists of stratified squamos eputhelium; relatively waterproof and dry

articulation

point at which bones contact one another at joints

synovial membrane

consists of loose connective tissue and an incomplete layer of epithelial tissue

synovial fluid

fluid which helps lubricate the joint and permits smooth movement

muscle tissue

tissue specialized for contraction

skeletal muscle tissue

muscle tissue that contains very large, multinucleated cells that moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton

muscle fibers

name for relatively long and slender muscle cells striations - series of bands which mark skeletal muscle fibers

striated voluntary muscle (describes:)

skeletal muscle tissue

cardiac muscle tissue

muscle tissue found only in heart that has a single nucleus and striations

intercalated discs

specialized attachment sites in cardiac muscles containing gap junctions and desmosomes

striated involuntary muscle (describes)

cardiac muscle

smooth muscle tissue

muscle tissue that is small and slender, tapering to a point at each cell and containing one nucleus; no striations

nonstriated involuntary muscle describes

smooth muscle tissue

neural tissue

AKA nervous tissue or nerve tissue; specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another

neurons

cells that communicate through electrical events that affect their cell membranes

neuroglia

cells that provide physical support for the neural tissue, maintain the chemical composition of the tissue fluids, and defend the tissue from infection

longest cells in body

neurons

dendrites

various branching projects extending from neural cells, which receive info

axons

AKA nerve fibers, carry info received from dendrites to different cells

synaptic terminals

point at which each axon ends; where the nueron communicates with another cell

inflamation

AKA inflammatory response; area of injury is is isolated from neighboring healthy tissue while damaged cells are cleaned up

infection

imflammation resulting from the presence of pathogens dilate - enlarge in diameter

histamine and heparin

chemicals released by mast cells

regeneration

repair process

fibrosis

permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous connective tissue

osteoperosis

condiction involving the age-related reducting in bone strength

adhesions

restrictive fibrous connections that can result from surger, infection, or other injuries to serous membranes

anaplasia

an irreversible change in size and shape of tissue cells

chemotheraphy

administration of drugs tha kill cancerous tissues or prevent mitotic division

dysplasia

change in the normal shape, size, and organization of tissue cells

liposuction

surgical procedure to remove unwanted adipose tissue by sucking it through a tube

metaplasia

structural change that alters the character of a tissue