Vocab and Clauses

Politics

The process of influencing the actions and politics of government

Government

the rules and institutions tthat make up the system of policy making

natural rights

\-John locke

\-the right to life liberty and property that the gov can’t take away

social contract

\-john locke

\-people allow their governments to rule over them to ensure an orderly and functioning society

american political culture

the set of belifes, cumstomes, traditions, and values that americans share

popular sovergnity

idea that the gov.’s right to rule comes from the people

republicanism

a sytem where the gov.’s authrity comes from the people

inaleable rights

right the gov can’t take away (life, liberty, pursuit of happy)

liberty

social political, and economic freedome

participatory democray

theory that widespread political participation is essential for democratic control

civil society groups

independent association outside gov’s control

plurlist theory

theory of democracy that emphasises role of groups in policy making process

elitist theory

theory of democracy that the elites have a disproportionate amount of influence in policy making process

political insitutions

structure of gov. incluing executive, legislative and judicary

constitutional republic

democratic system w/ elected represenatives in which the constittion is the supreme law

constituation is based on he idea that

soverginty (power and authority) comes from the people and the government is limited

articles of confederation failed so…

power given to the national government

constitution

document that sets out the fundamental principles of governence and establishes the institution of goverment

republic

a gov. ruled by representaives of people

unicameral

a one house legislature

writ of habeus corpus

rght of people detained by the gov. to know the charges against them

bills of attainder

when the legslature declares someone guilty without a trial

ex post facto laws

laws punishing people for acts that were no crimes at the time they were commited

virginia plan

plan of gov. calling for 3-branch gov with a bicameral legislature where more populos states have more representation

new jersey plan

plan of gov that provided for a unicameral legislature with equal votes for each states, favored by small states

grand committe

a committe at the constitutional convention that worked out a compromise on representation

great (conneticut) compromise

an agreement for plan of gov. that drew upon both the virginia and jersy plans

\-setteled issues of state representation by calling for bicameral legislature with a house of reps. apponited proportionaly and a senate appointed equally

three-fifths compromise

slave would count for 3/5ths of a person in calculating a state’s representation

compromise on importation

congress couls not restrict the slave trade untill 1808

articles of confederation

(weak national gov. strong local gov)

legislature

\-1 vote per states

\-13/13 states required to ammedn articles (never happened)

\-9/13 states required to pass laws

powers of congress

\-can create an army and navvy

\-borroww money

\-establish post office

\-make war and peace

weakness of articles

\-no power to tax

\-could not draft for the war

\-could not regulate trade

\-large states had same power as small states

Branch power ranking:

legislative most

executive mid

judicial least

unitary sytem

a system where the central gov. has all of the power over subnational govs.

confederal system

system where the subnational govs have most of the power

federal system

system where power is divided between national and state govs

enumerated or expressed powers

power is divided between national and state govs

exclusive powers

powers only the national gov. may exercise

implied powers

powers not granted specifically to the nattional gov. but considered necessary to cary out enumerated powers

\-considered necessary to carry out enumerated powers

commerce clause

grants congress the authority to regulate intersta business and commercial activity

necessary and proper clause (elastic clause)

grants the federal gov. the authority to pass laws required to carry out its emmunerated powers

supremacy clause

establishes the constituation and the federal gov passed under its authority as the highest laws of the land

reserved powers

powers not given to the national government which are retained by the states and the people

concurrent powers

powers granted to both the states and the federal goovernment in the consititution

faith and full credit clausee

consititutional clause reequiring state to recognize the puplications records an civil court porceedings from another state

dule federalism

a form of aerican federalism in which the states and the national operate independentlt in their oware of pblic policy

selective incorperation

the prcess trough which the supream court allpies fundamental rights in the bill of rights to the states on a case-to-case basis

copperative federalism

a form of american federalism in which the states an the national gov work together to shape public policy

revenue sharing

when the frederal gov apportions tax money to the states with no strings attached

devolution

returning more authority to the state of local government

in a unitary system

any delegated powers to the states can be revoked

john marshell

supream court justics 1801-1835

(longest serve)

social security act of 1935

created a set of programs to support vaunerable population

categorical grants

dangaling carrit, money if you indtroduce some policies and a wood stick (wil withhold from you)

block grants

gave states more authority in setting and enfrcing the rules of welfare programs

civil libberties

\-freedoms protected from gov. infringment (protections from gov)

civil rights

\-protections from discrimination provided by the government (protections from ppl)

selective inccorperation

piece by piece expansion of bill and laws to all states under the 14th amendment

establishment clause

first ammendment protection, gov. can’t force you to join any relgious groups

free exersise clause

right of individuals to expess their belifes (has it’s limitations)

lible

untrue written statement

slander

untrue spoken statement

ex post facto

rule congress cannot pass which criminlizes conduct that was legal at the time it occured

bill of attainder

congress prohibited punishig individual without a trial

writ if habeas corpus

document stating reason for arrest

execusionary rule

evidene required without a warrent (illigaly) cannot be used in court

civil rights act

outlaws racial segregation in schools and public places, uthority to sue individual school distrcts who don’t comply

voting rights act

outlaws literacy tests, justice department can now register voters n unencorperated areas.

Bill of rights debate:

federalists:

\-state govs. have their own consitutions

\-it woulnd’t cover anythng leaving gaps

\-we’ll pass it if u agree first

\-certain protections already in constitution like writ of habeas corpus

Antifederalists:

\-comprehensve list not included, rights will be violated

\-will promote growth of central power

Title IX (9)

Equal opprotunity and education

Strict Scrutiny Discrimination

Usually race- never okay :)

Intermediate Discrimination

Usually gender- millitary mostly men

Rational Based Discrimination

Usually age- Piolet retier by certain age

de jure segregation

mandated law

de facto segregation

not law, but still very present

socialism

Production, distrubution, and exchange regulated by social/ community ownership instead of private

politicl culture

dominate set of beifes, customs, traditions and values defining relationship between gov. and citizens

individualism

Individuals should be respnsible from themselves and their decisions

american core values are

Stronger in young populations

Younger population is _______ likely to vote

LESS

free enterprise

gov. intrudes as little as ossibe in economic transactions with citizens and businesses

rlue of law

No one, indcluding public officials, is against the law: enhanced when gov. is open and honest

politicl socialization

experinces and factors that share and individuals political values, attitude, and behaviours

political ideology

Indiiduals cohere to set of belifes about gov. and politics

limited gov

humans have right thats cant be taken away, checks and balances

generaional effect

impact of historical events experinced by a generation on political values

life-cycle-effect

impact of stage of life and age on poitical views

globaliztion

increasing of inter-connected-ness of people, buisness, and contries throughout the WORLD

countries oin Intergovernmental Orgonization (IGOS) Because…

they think membership outweighs loss of soverginghty

outsoccring

company moves its business to a place where labor is cheeper and ore efficent

“race to bottem”

Imployment goes up, but quaality of life for workers goes down :(((((((

Bad side of globalization

might result in one culture, diminishing importance of historical values ad traditions; america tooo melty, not a salad bowl

public opinon

Sum of individual attitudes about gov. policies and issues

focus group

Small group of individuals assembled for a conversation about speecific issues

scientific poll

representitive poll of randome respondents using nutural lang.

sample

foucus group of individuals from larger population to measure public opinion

randome selection

chosing all poll respondents in a way that doesn’t over or under represnt any group, (not from a trump website or only a local coffee shop :)

representative sample

sample that trys to reflect the demographic of the mass opoulation

weigting

survey is adjusted according to population demographics