World History Midterm

Chapters 1-10

Primary Sources

Records produced during the time period Historians study

Secondary Sources

Records that explain or interpret primary sources

Artifacts

An object that teaches about the background and culture of a people

Tradition

The handing down of information by word of mouth from generation to generation.

Written records

Physical documents that describe a historical event or person

Image of God

Means human beings possess certain qualities that God has

Nation

A very large group of people who have in common the same land area and the same language

Babel

God confused the languages of the people, and now we have a plethora of languages around the world.

Mesopotamia

Means the “land between the rivers”

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

Cuneiform

The earliest known form of writing

Ziggurats

Outstanding examples of Sumerian architecture

Astronomy

The study of celestial bodies

Astrology

The belief that star and planets dictate the course of human life

Pharaohs

Were the leaders of ancient Egypt

Phoenicians

Were the originators of the alphabet

Diaspora

The scattering or mass dispersement of the Jews

Persia

Zoroaster started his religion in

Minoans

Were the earliest of the Aegean Civilizations

Mycenaeans

Were the dominant culture after the Minoans

Zeus/Athens/Poseidon

These are examples of mythological gods to the Greeks

Monarchy

Rule by one

Oligarchy

Rule of few

Tyranny

The rule of one person typically by force

Democracy

The rule by the people

Peloponnesian League

Sparta was its head, was a group of city-states set up to protect themselves from enemies

Alexander the Great

Spread Greek culture by conquering other lands

Hellenistic

Means “like the Greek”

Parthenon

A symbol of the cultural achievement of the Greek civilization

Adam

The first human created by God

Noah

Called by God to build an Ark before the world was flooded

Hammurabi

The key leader of the Amorites

Abraham

Called by God to leave Mesopotamia and promised him land and descendants

Pericles

The man which Athenian democracy reached its height

Socrates

Perhaps was the greatest of the Greek philosophers

Hippocrates

Was a famous Greek physician

Herodotus

Was a Greek historian who wrote a lot of the Persian wars

Soil and Climate

These of Italy were more suitable for farming

Mare Nostrum

Means “our sea”

Greek Tradition and Customs

Much of later Roman culture would reflect this

Clan

A number of families from a common ancestor are called this

Patricians

The wealthy landholders and noble families made up of the aristocratic class called this

Plebeians

The majority of the people belonged to the so-called inferior class called this

Republic

A form of government in which voting citizens control the power of government through elected officials under low.

Senate

Became the most important and most powerful body of the republic

Veto

The rejection of a bill or law being passed

island of Sicily

The First Punic War was fought over control of this

Canae

The Romans suffered a great defeat at this battle

Battle of Zama

The Romans defeated the Carthaginian army at this battle

Finding work

The farmers had a hard time doing this after returning from the Punic Wars

Publicans

These were tax collectors

Triumvirate

Rule of three men

March 15 44 B.C

Caesar was murdered on this day

31 B.C

When Octavian won the 3rd civil war and established the Roman Empire

Pax Romana

Was a peaceful time of Rome, means “Roman Peace”

Augustus

Octavian was best remembered as this

Love

Ovid’s theme of most of his works was this

Geocentric Theory

This states that the earth is the center of the universe

Aqueducts

The Romans built this to supply water to many of their cities

Epicurean philosophy

This taught that true happiness comes only as man frees his mind from fear and his body from pain

Stoicism

States that the highest good is to pursue virtue like courage, dignity, and simplicity of life

“Philosopher king”

Marcus Aurelius was called this

Synagogues

These are Jewish temples of worship

Gospel

This is the good news of Christ

Edict of Milan

Made Christianity legal

Huns

Invaded Rome from the East

476 A.D

This is the date given to the fall of Rome

Vandals

This was a Germanic tribe who invaded Rome

Romulus/ Remus

Were alleged founders of Rome

Hannibal

Led the Carthaginians to many victories over Rome

Tiberius/ Gaius Gracchus

Were brothers that wanted reform in the Republic

Julius Caesar

Was popular with the people during the 2nd civil war

Virgil

Was called the “Homer of Rome”

Tiberius

Was the emperor during Christ’s life

Nero

Was the first emperor to persecute the Christians

Constantine

Made Christianity legal in the Roman Empire

Byzantine Empire

The Eastern Roman Empire became known as this

“New Rome”

Constantine called the city this but it became more widely known as Constantinople, “Constantine’s city”

Hagia Sophia

The finest example of Byzantine architecture is this

Adoption of non-biblical elements

This helped to create the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Byzantine church in the East

Ottoman Turks

The empire finally came to an end in 1453, when these people sacked Constantinople

Slavs

The largest group in modern Russia are these people

Bedouins

Nomads who roamed the desert in search of pastureland and water for their herds of goats, sheep, camels

Allah

Muhammad claimed to be the last and greatest of the prophets of the this god

Islam

His teaching became the basis for a new religious movement known as this, meaning “Submission”

Muslims

His followers are known as this

Qur’an

The heart of Islam is this, the sacred book of the Muslims

Caliphs

These men, where called called this directed the affairs of Islam exercised spiritual, political, and military authority

Topography

The physical features of a land, climate, and population, it is a study in contrasts

Aryans

These people invaded India and established a civilization there

Middle Kingdom

In ancient days the Chinee called their land this because they believed China to be the center of the earth

The Huang He and the Yangtze

The earliest Chinese lived in the fertile valleys of China’s two major river systems

Harmony with nature

Taoism encouraged people to find peace and happiness by doing this

Pax Sinica

The Han established this throughout china and much of central asia

Song dynasty was politically weak

Compared to the other dynasties of China’s past, however, this was current

Nature was awe-inspiring or extraordinary

Shintoism attributed deity to anything like this, such as fire, a waterfall, or a high mountain

Taika Reform

This turnabout in the Japanese political and economic stricture became known as “The Great Change”

Samurai or bushi

The Japanese warrior was called bushi

Bushido

An unwritten military code knows as this governed the conduct of the samurai

Christianity

Aksum was unusual among the African kingdoms in that it embraced a form of this