Psych 107 Final Exam Review

Psychoanalytic Theory

Everyone has unconscious thoughts and actions driven by unconscious motives and conflicts
- Frued

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Projective methods Frued used to find unconscious conflicts
- Free association
- Dream Interpretation
- Jokes

Classical Conditioning

Invented by Pavlov
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
- Unconditioned Response (UR)
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- Conditioned Response (CR)

Operant Conditioning

Consequences affect Behavior
- Reward
- Punishment

Reinforcement

STRENGTHENS Behavior

Punishment

WEAKENS Behavior

Positive Reinforcement

Provide something good to strengthen behavior

Negative Reinforcement

Remove something bad to strengthen behavior

Discrimination Learning

Learning to respond to only the specific stimuli- not other stimuli
- learning when you are rewarded

Stimulus Generalization

another Conditioned Stimulus that is similar to the original CS causes the same response

Case Study

In depth study/ look at someone or something

Which type of research method can draw a hypothesis

Case Study

Survey

Quick, cheap, large amounts of data
- Must use a random sample
- Questionares & Interviews

Which type of survey method is the MOST reactive?

Interviews

Correlation does NOT

imply Causation

Experiment

- LOWEST on ecological validity
- HIGHEST on internal validity

Which is the only research method that can draw causation?

only experiment methods

Internal Validity

cause and effect
- Does the variable cause the phenomenon? - Experiment is the highest in the validity

External Validity

Generalizing to other studies and generalizing to the real world

Ecological Validity

Naturalistic observation is the highest in ecological validity and the experiment is the lowest amount in this validity because you are controlling everything.

Naturalistic Observation

just observing
- LOWEST in reactivity
- HIGHEST in ecological validity

Cognitive Dissonance

experience tension/ become aware that our own attitudes
contradict each other
- attempts to change your mind/ attitude

Cognitive Balance/ Dissonance: Imbalanced

- one attitude is negative and two attitudes are positive
- all the attitudes are negative

Cognitive Balance/ Dissonance:
Balance

- three positive links
- two negatives with one positive.

Systematic Desensitization

● Systematic desensitization - learning how to relax
- 2 phases, for phobias

Short term memory

- working memory, 20-30 seconds
- Consciously Aware

(Short- Term) Memory span test=

hear a series of digits and you have to say them back correctly.
- What doesn’t match up is probably what wasn’t held in short term memory

Displacement decay

info leaving short term memory

Retrieval failure

-Most forgetting
-Can’t retrieve from long term memory

Pattern recognition

paying attention to what you recognized
- Use long term memory to make connection

retrieval

becoming aware of long-term memory

Conscious Memory (Explicit)

conscious long-term memory easily and intentionally recalled and recited
- people with amnesia cannot recall

Anterograde Amnesia

- decreased ability to retain new information
- remember what happened before
- Long term memory AFTER accident is affected
- Can’t learn new things
- Can be tricked into using memories of newly learned things:
Word fragments test
Memento Amnesia

Unconscious Memory (Implicit)

Things people don’t try to remember, not able to consciously bring it into awareness
- people with amnesia can recall Automatic

Retrograde Amnesia

-affects memories that were formed before the onset of amnesia.
-The worse the trauma→ the more you forget
-Can recover and get older memories back
-Older memories recovered first
-Episodic memories lost

Anterograde Amnesia is caused by

injury to the Hippocampus

Organic Amnesia

Caused by a physical Injury

Psychogenic Amnesia

Caused by a traumatic emotional experience

Parasympathetic nervous system

Calming/ relaxing
- Stimulates salivary glands
- Inhibitory system

Sympathetic nervous system

Emotional responses/ arousal
- Excitatory system
- sweat glands

The Autonomic Nervous System is made up of:

The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

Autonomic Nervous System

(part of peripheral nervous system)
- Controls actions of internal organs
- Involuntary/ subconscious
- self regulated actions

Somatic Nervous System

(part of peripheral nervous system)
- voluntary movements
- conscious

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain
Spinal cord
- encased in bones

Synapse

(synaptic gap) space between synaptic knobs of one cell & dendrites of the next cell

Neuron

one nerve cell or a bundle of neurons. -Axon, myelin sheath, axon terminal, dendrites, cell body, neural impulse, and synaptic gap

Axon

Passes messages away from cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands

Neural impulse

electrical signal traveling down the axon

Neural Communication

Axon terminal --> neurotransmitters --> synapse (gap) --> dendrites (neuro transmitters are reuptaken

Receptors

holes in the surface of dendrites

Lock- and- Key

receptor sites fit specific neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps

Neurotransmitters are released by the___

sending neuron's synaptic vesicles

Neurotransmitters bind to

receptor sites on receiving neurons

Mediates reflex are

Interneuron

Sensory Neuron

sends signal from body, to spinal chord, to brain

Motor Neuron

sends signal from brain, down spinal chord, to body

Corpus callosum

connects the left and right hemispheres

Left Hemisphere

controls the right side of the body
- speech

Right Hemisphere

controls the left side of the body

Hippocampus

part of the brain that puts together new long term memory experiences, form a long term memory about things and store it in the cerebral cortex, without this you can't form new memories

Thalamus

relaying sensory and motor signals- takes in signals from the cerebral cortex and send them to the other parts of the brain

Hypothalamus

automatic regulatory, feeling of hunger or pleasure, fight or flight

Light hits the

Retina

as light hits the retina, photoreceptors/ neurons (rods and cones) turn

light into electrical signals

Light first passes through the

Cornea

some light enters through the

pupil

Iris

controls the amount of light
- (colored part)

Light passes through the _____ to help focus light on the retina

Lense

Cones

fine visual information
- color
- (lots of light)

Rods

monocrome
- nightvision
- (low light)

Electrical signals travel from the retina through

the optic nerve

Electrical signals travel through the optic nerve to the

Brain

Blind Spot

where the optic nerve is

Monocular Cues

cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only
- Linear perspective, shading, relative size, interposition, motion parallax, moon illusion, and texture gradient

Linear Perspective

the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge as distance increases (items closer to convergence are perceived as being farther away)

Shading

the way things are shaded sometimes tells us what is closer and what is farther

Relative Size

when objects a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be smaller, they are interpreted to be farther away

Interposition (overlap)

assumption that an object appearing to block part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer

Motion parallax

perception of objects in motion where close objects appear to move faster than far objects

Texture gradient

tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become finer(smoother) as distance from the viewer increases

Shaping

changing behavior depending to reach goal behavior

Schema

a generalized Cognitive structure/ A general plan
for an idea/ concept

Equilibration

how humans adapt to their world cognitively

Accommodation

Creating or extending a schema

Assimilation

Using an existing schema

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
2. Preoperational (2-6)
3. Concrete Operational (6-11)
4. Formal Operational (11+)

1. Sensorimotor

- Infancy (0-2)
- learning movement and manipulation of objects
- primitive
- Lack object permanence

2. Preoperational

- Being a toddler (2-6)
- Have object permanence
- Single words
- Egocentrism
- Theory of mind

3. Concrete Operational

- (6-11)
- less egocentric
- Rules
- Struggle with conservation

4. Formal Operational

- (11+)
- Abstract thoughts
- Complex thinking
- Hypothetical reasoning
- Hypothesis

Repression

- Psychoanalytic theory
- Banish anxiety and thoughts
- All defense mechanisms include this

Denial

Denying the anxiety

Reaction formation

Ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Projection

People disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Rationalization

Making up excuses, self justifying

Displacement

Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Sublimation

Like displacement, channeling your emotions into an outlet, prosocial
- healthiest

Opponent Process Theory

● Addiction→ pairing emotions with pleasure + withdrawal
● Needing a drug to reach baseline
● The more addictive a drug, the stronger and faster the affect

Physical dependence

-addiction
-tolerance
-withdrawl