Neuroanatomy Exam 1 Study Guide

Gray Matter (Cell body)

Information is integrated/exchanged
CNS: Nuclei
PNS: Ganglia

White Matter (Axons)

Information travels to and from structures

Pyramids

White matter motor information

Olives

Oval shaped nucleus; sensory info

CN on medulla

9, 10, 11, 12 (XII, XI, X, IX)

CN on midbrain

3 and 4 (III and IV)

CN on pons

5, 6, 7, 8 (V, VI, VII, VIII)

Cerebral peduncles (location and info)

Midbrain; MOTOR information from cortex to spinal cord

Anterior median sulcus

Separates the pyramids

Dorsal Intermediate Sulcus

Separates FG from FC

Dorsal Median Sulcus

Separates the FGs

Fasciculus Gracilis

Lower body sensory information

Fasciculus Cuneatus

Upper body sensory information

Basis pedunculi (and what it contains)

Anterior part of the midbrain; contains the cerebral peduncles & substantia nigra

Tectum (what it contains)

Inferior and Superior colliculi; VISUAL REFLEXES

Tegmentum

2/3 of the midbrain; SENSORY pathways

Superior colliculi

Reflexive eye and head movements

Inferior Colliculi

Processing auditory information

Cerebral aqueduct (and what it separates)

Where CSF flows; separates tectum from tegmentum

Inferior Cb peduncle (info travel)

Info travels from medulla to Cb (multiple pathways)

Middle Cb peduncle (info travel)

Info travels from pons to Cb

Superior Cb peduncle (info travel)

Info travels from Cb to midbrain

Thalamus

Information exchange center

Hypothalamus

Basic life functions (temperature control, hunger, reproductive, sleep wake cycle); homeostasis; works with pituitary gland to control hormones

Epithalamus

Primarily the pineal gland and influences endocrine system

Subthalamus

works with basal ganglia for motor control

medial longitudinal fissure

separates hemispheres

Pre-Central Gyri

Located in frontal lobe; related to motor system

Post-Central Gyri

Located in parietal lobe; related to sensation

Frontal Lobe function

executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing, problem-solving, emotions and behavioral control, personality

Parietal Lobe function

Sensory processing and integration

Falx cerebri

separates the two cerebral hemispheres; dura mater

tentorium cerebelli

separates cerebrum from cerebellum; dura mater

Central Sulcus (of Rolando)

separates frontal and parietal lobes

lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)

Separates frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe

Pre-occipital notch

Divides Temporal and Occipital lobes

Cingulate gyrus

plays role in expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict

Where does the parahippocampal gyrus end?

The Uncus

Basal ganglia

Vital for normal motor function (sequence, muscle tone, muscle force) and cognitive functions (attention, motivation)

Motor Loop

cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia; Move and do a specific function

Activities directed by motor loop

Voluntary muscle activity, postural control, and walking

Oculomotor Loop (Caudate Nucleus)

Eye movement based on what is happening

Decision-making loop (Caudate Nucleus) with example

Information is evaluated based on perception, planning and choosing; Ex: Dance on bed or desk when in a room by yourself

Social Behavior Loop (Caudate Nucleus) with example

Social cues and self-control; Ex: How you act alone vs when in public

Ventral Striatum

Rewards and pleasure

Emotion Loop (Ventral Striatum)

Link between emotion, cognitive, and motor systems with a goal of seeking rewards

lenticular nucleus is composed of

putamen and globus pallidus

Corpus striatum is composed of

Caudate and putamen

Substantia nigra

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement; part of basal ganglia

Components of the basal ganglia

Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Subthalmic nucleus, and substantia nigra

The caudate nucleus ends at the

Amygdala

The putamen is lateral to the

Globus pallidus

Internal Capsule (what matter)

A large collection of axons that contain white matter

Limbic system

Unconscious behavior

Hippocampus

Memory formation

Fornix

Fiber tract; white matter; Travels from hippocampus to mammillary bodies

Amygdala

Interpreting facial expressions

The diencephalon contains the

Thalamus, Epithalamus, Subthalamus, and Hypothalamus

Rostrum of Corpus Callosum

Front part

Genu of Corpus Callosum

Bend

Body of Corpus Callosum

Middle portion

Selenium of Corpus Callosum

Posterior portion

Insula

Deep lobe involved in interoception (feeling of things like heart beat), emotion, and when someone tickles you or an itch (not exact)

CSF function

Brain buoyancy, remove waste in the brain

Choroid plexus

Tissues that produce CSF

Foramen of Magendie\=

Median aperture

Foramen of Luschka\=

Lateral aperture

Atrium

Where anterior, posterior, and inferior horns of lateral ventricles come together

Interventricular foramina

Connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

Connects the third and fourth ventricles

Pia mater

Innermost layer of the meninges; Around the brain and spinal cord; adhered to the brain

Sub-arachnoid space

Between Pia and arachnoid

Dura Mater

Outermost layer of the meninges; connects to the skull

Arachnoid

middle layer of the meninges; contains CSF

Arachnoid granulation

Where CSF flows from the subarachnoid to the sinuses

glymphatic system

Waste removal system and regulates brain fluids

Medulla functions

Breathing and heart rate; eye and head movements; pain from face; swallowing

Pons function

Motor information from the cerebral cortex is forwarded to the Cb

Midbrain division (anterior to posterior)

Basis pedunculi, tegmentum, tectum

Reticular Formation (Brainstem)

Complex neural network for integrating sensory and cortical info, pain, and autonomic function

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

releases dopamine

Peduncuopontine nucleus (PPN)

Basal ganglia, motor activity

Raphe nuclei

Motor pathways for posture and gross motor movements; releases serotonin

Fasciculus vs Nucleus matter

Fasciculus\= white matter
Nucleus\= Gray matter synapses

Medial lemniscus

SENSORY pathways; bent elbows or cat eyes

MLF (medial longitudinal fasciculus)

SENSORY pathways; apostrophe's/teardrop

Corticospinal, corticobrainstem, and corticopontine tracts

Motor tracts

Crus cerebri

Outer core of cerebral peduncle

Cerebellum function

coordination of voluntary movements and balance

Lobes of the Cerebellum

anterior, posterior, flocculonodular

Primary fissure (Cb)

Separates anterior and posterior lobes

Horizontal fissure (Cb)

Separates the Posterior lobe into two

Posterior-lateral fissure

Separates floculonodular from posterior lobes

vermis of cerebellum

connects cerebellar hemispheres

Vestibulocerebellum

balance, equilibrium

Spinocerebellum

Gross limb movements

Cerebrocerebellum

Fine, distal, voluntary movements (usually the hands)

Red nucleus (midbrain)

Part of motor circuit; complex motor, cognitive, and emotion functions

CN I function and S, M, B

Olfactory; smell; sensory

CN II function and S, M, B

Optic; vision; sensory