HUSH Final Test

Event: 1492, Columbus "Discovers" the New World

Significance: Begins European Colonization

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty signed in 1494 by Spain and Portugal to divide the New World (ensured peace between the two)

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of diseases, goods, animals, etc. between the New World (Americas) and the Old World (Europe), which had drastic effects on both sides (positive and negative)

Encomienda System

system in which Spanish Conquistadors were allowed to enslave Native Americans as long as they Christianized them (supposedly "doing them a service")

Event: 1607, Jamestown Established

Significance: Begins English Colonization

House of Burgesses

the first democratically elected legislative body in the colonies, with the first meeting being held in Jamestown in 1619 (Virginia General assembly)

Indentured Servants

Settlers to the New World who could not afford their own property, who signed onto several years (on average, 6 or 7) of servitude. At the end, they would receive "freedom dues," such as land, money, and their freedom. They looked for opportunity in the New World and would form the backbone of the plantation industry later on.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

2 wars fought in 1614 and 1644 between the English (Jamestown) and the natives (remember Powhatan, Pocahontas, John Smith, etc.)

Event: 1763, Treaty of Paris

Significance: Ends French and Indian War

Albany Congress/Albany Plan

Ben Franklin's plan to bring the colonies together in a Grand Council to talk about trade, military, taxes, etc. but was rejected by colonies

Proclamation of 1763

barred English colonists from settling on land beyond the Appalachian mountains (to appease the natives), but usually ignored

Sugar Act, Stamp Act, etc.

parliament taxes on the colonists that led to colonist's anger, protests, and unity with "no taxation without representation"

Event: 1776, Declaration of Independence

Significance: Begins the American Revolution

Lexington and Concord

first battle, in which minutemen resisted British attack of a rebel armory (Paul Revere too).

Bunker Hill

Battle on Breed's Hill in which US would have won if had more supplies (pushed towards declaring war by instilling confidence)

Common Sense

pamphlet by Thomas Paine expressing sentiments for independence in simple terms (appealed to common man).

Olive Branch Petition

Final document from colonies sent to England pledging loyalty and asking for peace (not even read)

Battle of Saratoga

Importantly convinced the French to aid the US. Big moral boost after Burgoyne's surrender.

Battle of Yorktown

deciding battle in which Cornwallis surrendered and US won

Event: 1789, Ratification of Constitution

Significance: Begins the US Government

Articles of Confederation

first American government after independence with tons of state freedom, but very ineffective as it gave the federal government no power

Constitutional Convention

Replaced faulty Articles of Confederation to write new, current Constitution

Bill of Rights

first 10 amendments to Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights

⅗ Clause

clause that regarded enslaved African Americans as just ⅗ of a person when dealing with House of Representatives, etc. a compromise of a larger debate of enslaved African Americans.

Whiskey Rebellion

rebellion in Pennsylvania that was quickly put down due to new Constitutional powers and Washington

National Bank

private corporation proposed by Hamilton to hold public funds, issue currency, and make loans to government

Neutrality Proclamation

part of Washington's Farewell Address that warned US to stay neutral and not get involved in any foreign affairs in Europe

Washington's Farewell Address

farewell address warning US to not make political parties, to remain neutral in foreign conflicts, and to celebrate what they had done

Event: 1800, Revolution of 1800

Peaceful transfer of political power

Alien and Sedition Acts

an act created by John Adams that allowed deportation of "dangerous" people to the government and made it illegal to speak out against the government (violation of American liberties), as well as make it harder to become an american citizen

VA and KY Resolutions

Madison and Jefferson's anonymous responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts calling the acts unconstitutional/null and void.

XYZ Affair

caused tensions/quasi-war with French due to American diplomats not being received well as French diplomats demanded bribes

Convention of 1800

treaty that ended the quasi-war as US paid for damages and French returned captured ships

Midnight Judges

judges appointed by John Adams on the last day of his presidency and eventually led to Madison v Marbury

Event: 1803, Louisiana Purchase

Significance: Doubles size of the United States

Lewis and Clark Expedition

sent by Jefferson to explore the newly acquired territory all the way to the Pacific. Met Sacagawea and documented everything as it facilitated future travel through maps and scientific discoveries.

Embargo Act/Non-Intercourse Act

Jefferson ended all U.S. importation and exportation; then modified to no importation and exportation with Britain and France as world trade was necessary for the economy

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme court case that established judicial review, that the court can overturn unconstitutional acts of Congress(led by John Marshall)

Event: 1814, Treaty of Ghent

Significance: Ends War of 1812

Burning of Washington DC

when the British attacked during the war of 1812 and burned the white house, gave a rallying cry to America.

Defense of Fort McHenry/National Anthem

the fort in Baltimore that resisted the British, and where the national anthem was inspired from.

Hartford Convention

convention in New England that said states could intervene if the federal government violated the Constitution, called for protection and financial aid to New England; marked the end of the Federalists as convention was largely ignored.

Event: 1820, Compromise of 1820/Missouri Compromise

Significance: Temporarily Decreases Sectional/Slavery Tension

Era of Good Feelings

a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and unity after the war of 1812 and during Monroe's 2 terms; domination of 1 political party, nationalism, economic prosperity, and cooperation

American System

Henry Clay's system which included high tariffs, a national bank, and federal financing if improved infrastructure(roads/canals) so the US could industrialize and become a world power

Monroe Doctrine

doctrine that said the US would stay away from Europe but Europe must stay away from the Americas; recognized American countries

Event: 1828, Election of Andrew Jackson

Significance: Birth of Mass Democracy

Corrupt Bargain

in the presidential election of 1824, Clay convinced the house to break the stalemate and vote John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson in return for becoming secretary of state.

Indian Removal Act

controversial act by Jackson that moved all the native Americans west of the Mississippi

Bank War

Jackson vs Biddle and others on whether to renew the charter for a second national bank, led to state banks and end of the Second National Bank

Nullification Crisis

when South Carolina tried to nullify a federal tariff(tariff of 1828/tariff of abominations and tariff of 1832), causing extremely high tensions with Jackson not backing down(force act), but was settled through compromises(compromise tariff by Henry Clay)

Event: 1848, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Significance: Ends Mexican-American War

Manifest Destiny

the idea that the US was destined and justified by God to spread across North America (something which was fulfilled in Westward Expansion)

Gold Rush

frenzy to move west to California in search of gold, turning California into a highly populated area overnight

Compromise of 1850

huge compromise by Henry Clay which dealt with slavery (California comes in as free state, Fugitive Slave Act, no slave trade in DC, Texas borders, new states can decide whether to be free or slave)

Seneca Falls Convention

organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, was the first woman's rights convention (drafted Declaration of Sentiments) and promoted equality

Event: 1861, Firing on Fort Sumter

Start of Civil War

Kansas-Nebraska Act

repealed the Missouri Compromise and said settlers could vote on free or slave state (causing Bleeding Kansas)

Bleeding Kansas

violent disagreements between pro-slave and anti-slave people when people were voting on how Kansas should enter the union.

Dred Scott Case

Scott (slave) sued for freedom after traveling to North, but lost and the decision stated that slavery could be anywhere(nullified missouri compromise and popular sovereignty) and that only white people could be citizens of US

John Brown's Raid

John Brown's group attacked federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry and were anti-slavery, but were caught and raised tensions as Brown was seen as a martyr

Election of Lincoln

main catalyst for Civil War (first Republican) due to his policies which promoted freedom

Jefferson Davis president of CSA

split off and broke from the union, allowing slavery. However, they couldn't effectively use resources/mobilize as well, and Davis was a fairly ineffective leader.

Event: 1865, Surrender at Appomattox Court House

Significance: End of Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation

freed all slaves under confederate control (though that didn't mean many people in reality, but still great idea)

Gettysburg Address

speech given by Lincoln paying tribute to the fallen soldiers, and reminding why the U.S. is fighting the war(liberty and political democracy)

13th Amendment

abolished slavery throughout the entire union

14th Amendment

established idea of birthright citizenship and protection before the law

15th Amendment

citizens can vote regardless of race (though not including women)

Event: 1877, Compromise of 1877

Significance: End of Reconstruction

Hayes-Tilden Election

Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president (Democrats gave 20 electoral votes) in exchange for the Republicans removing troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction.

KKK

racist group promoting white supremacy and terrorizing former slaves during Reconstruction

Black Codes

laws passed by Southern governments to regulate lives of former slaves (taking away rights and essentially forcing slavery onto them again)

Plessy v. Ferguson

established separate but equal idea (legal basis for racial segregation allowed as long as facilities equal)

Event: 1898, Spanish-American War

Significance: Beginning of American Expansionism/Imperialism

The Maine

American ship sailing around Cuba supposedly destroyed by Spain, sparking the Spanish American War for Cuba

Rough Riders

volunteer cavalry by Theodore Roosevelt that served in Cuba and in Florida during the Spanish American war

Teller Amendment

amendment saying that US would never annex Cuba, though they didn't say they wouldn't "protect" them

Platt Amendment

legislation restricting Cuba's sovereignty (allowed US to intervene and gave US Guantanamo Bay), going against what they said earlier

Annexation of the Philippines, Hawaii, etc.

sometimes brutal, usually unwanted annexations which included the Philippine War (very violent and one sided) and forced takeover of Hawaii

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to annexing Philippines and expanding US empire for a variety of reasons(focus on domestic affairs, etc.), though not successful

Event: 1914, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Significance: Beginning of World War I

Lusitania

the British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine, killing Americans and causing the US to feel more hostile towards Germany (didn't go to war yet though)

Sussex Ultimatum

a statement by Wilson informing the Germans that if they didn't stop sinking US ships immediately, the US would break relations with them

Zimmerman Note

A German telegram intercepted by the US that asked Mexico to attack the US, eventually causing the US to declare war on Germany

Espionage and Sedition Acts

U.S. laws passed by Wilson that criminalized "speaking out" or "working" against the U.S. war environment, was very strict and abused

Event: 1919, Treaty of Versailles

Significance: Ends World War I

Fourteen Points

A document by Woodrow Wilson detailing how he wanted to resolve WWI an ensure peace/democracy would spread around the world.

League of Nations

established by the Fourteen Points, the League of Nations was supposedly a global organization to keep peace, but it was actually pretty powerless in reality and didn't accomplish anything (US didn't even join)

Article X

Article X was a clause that established the League of Nations in the Treaty of Versailles saying that all the other nations must defend a nation under attack, made the U.S. not join the League due to not wanting to be involved in European affairs

Red Scare 1.0

a time after WWI which was dominated by fear and persecution of outsiders, specifically immigrants who believed in communism and anarchism.

Palmer Raids

raids in 1919-1920 where Mitchell A. Palmer jailed a bunch of innocent people/people with radical beliefs due to speculation and fear (red scare)

Event: 1929, Stock Market Crash

Significance: Beginning of the Great Depression

Roaring 20s

the 20's were characterized with an economic boom and consumerism, and a shift in society that emphasized a culture of jazz(harlem renaissance), partying(bootlegs), drinking, drugs in the upper class, with the lower class still suffering

Flappers

freer women who embraced a unexpected and looked down upon life style in wearing shorter dresses and makeup, and symbolized pushing women's economic, political, and sexual freedoms

Charleston

a popular dance during the Roaring 20s symbolizing the time.

Hoovervilles

the shacktowns where homeless lived during the Great Depression, growing due to the unemployment etc. which people blamed on Hoover doing nothing

Hoover Hotels

soup kitchens for the poor, which symbolized the mass poverty of the time.

New Deal

FDR's programs and projects promoting the 3 Rs (relief to the poor, stimulate recovery, reform to the economy)

Fireside Chats

friendly chats by FDR where he went on television and explained his policies directly to the people, giving them a better sense of security and understanding.