clinical psychology ch. 6-7

clinical psychologists

psychologists who choose to conduct basic research on psychological disorders

questionnaires

an efficient, convenient way to evaluate therapy outcome

emphasis is evaluative

to determine after the fact how well the therapy worked

emphasis is formative

to determine how therapy is working while it is still happening with the intent of making immediate adjustments

efficacy

the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria

effectiveness

the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems span a wider range, and clients are not chosen as a result of meeting certain diagnostic criteria

internal validity

the extent to which the change in the dependent variable is due solely to the change in the independent variable

external validity

the generalizability of the result (to what extent is the same finding valid for different settings and populations?)

dissemination strategies

efforts to promote therapies that have demonstrated effectiveness in treatment studies to a large number of therapists

DISC-IV

diagnostic interview schedule for children — version 4

MMPI-2

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory 2; the most widely used and psychometrically sounds objective personality test, and one of its strengths is its ability to detect “faking” by the test taker

DSM

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

ODD

oppositional defiant disorder

positive spillover

stems from a sense of accomplishment at work

negative spillover

stems from work-related emotional exhaustion

PAI

personality assessment inventory

MCMI

millon clinical multiaxial inventory

projective tests

rorschach, storytelling tests, and sentence completion tests

independent variables

variables in the study that are manipulated by the experimenter

dependent variables

variables that are expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variables

randomized clinical trials

very similar studies that involve random assignment of participants to either an experimental or control group

quasi-experimental design

less scientifically sound than experimental designs

between-group design

participants in different conditions receive entirely different treatments

experimental condition

receives the experimental treatment

the control group

does not receive the experimental treatment

within-group design

involves comparisons of participants in a single condition to themselves at various points in time

mixed-group design

combined aspects of between-group and within-group designs

analogue design

involves an approximation of the target client or situation as a substitute for the “real thing”; it can involve participants whose characteristics resemble those of the target population, or asking participants to remember or imagine themselves in a certain situtation

correlational methods

examine the relationship that exists between two or more variables

case studies

include descriptive observations of an individual’s behavior and an attempt by the researcher to interpret it

idiographic approach

emphasizing or revealing the unique qualities of each person

nomothetic approach

determining similarities or common qualities among people

ABAB design

also known as REVERSAL design; in which a treatment is alternately applied and removed

alternating treatments design

involves two treatments alternating rather than a single treatment alternating with no treatment

meta-analysis

a statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of the findings

cross-sectional designs

assess or compare a participant or group of participants at one particular point in time

longitudinal designs

emphasize changes across time, often making within-group comparisons from one point in time to another

MTurk

an internet-based crowdsourcing marketplace run by the amazon corporation that matches researchers with willing participants

abnormality

mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or more broadly focused psychopathology

harmful disfunction theory

in our efforts to determine what is abnormal, we consider both scientific data and social values in the context of which the behavior takes place

medical model of psychopathology

each disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms

attenuated psychosis syndrome

a light version of schizophrenia

Axis I disorders

likely to be more episodic (has beginning and end points)

Axis II disorders

likely to be more longlasting

Axes III and IV

offered clinicians a place to list medical conditions and psychosocial/environmental problems relevant to the mental health issues at hand

Axis V

the global assessment of functioning

DSM-III-R

american psychiatric association, 1987

DSM-IV

american psychiatric association, 1994

DSM-IV-TR

amercian psychiatric association, 2000

task force

a committee of prominent researchers in various areas of mental disorders

attenuated psychosis syndrome

features the hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech characteristic of schizophrenia, but in much less intense and fleeting forms

mixed anxiety-depressive disorder

features some symptoms of anxiety, depression, but not enough to qualify for an disorder

internet gaming disorder

features excessive and disruptive internet game-playing behavior

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

a severe form of premenstrual syndrome

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

frequent temper tantrums in children 6-18 years old that are clearly below the expected level of maturity

binge eating disorder

resembles the part of bulimia nervosa in which the person overindulges in food but lacks the part in which the person tries to subtract the calories

mild neurocognitive disorder

a less intense version of neurocognitive problems like dementia and amnesia

somatic symptom disorder

involves a combination of at least one significantly disruptive bodily (somatic) symptom with excessive focus on that symptom that involves perceiving it as more serious than it really is

hoarding disorder

the person has continuing difficulty discarding possessions no matter how objectively worthless they are

categorical approach

the patient either DOES or DOES NOT have the disorder

dimensional approach

the issue isnt the presence or absence of a disorder; it is on a continuum

assessment

a common professional activity of clinical psychologists in which clients are evaluated or appraised via clinical interviews, testing, observation, or other means

attending behaviors

fundamental aspects of listening, including eye contact, body language, vocal qualities, and verbal tracking

being self-aware

a general skill for clinical interviewers involving the ability to know how the interviewer might affect others interpersonally and how others tend to relate to him or her

body language

in the context of the clinical interview, a behavior that can communicate strong nonverbal messages

clarification

a clinical interview technique designed to make sure the interviewer

clinical interview

a common assessment technique used by clinical psychologists involving a purposeful conversation with clients characterized by questions and answers

clinical utility

in psychological assessment, the extent to which a technique benefits the clinician and ultimately the client in a meaningful way

closed-ended question

an interview question that allows for far less elaboration and self-expression by the client but yields a quick and precise answer

conclusion

a clinical interview technique that may involve summarization, an initial conceptualization, a diagnosis, or recommendations

confidentiality

as mandated by the code of ethics of the APA, upholding the privacy of clinical information

confrontation

a clinical interview technique used when the interviewer notices discrepancies or inconsistencies in the client's comments

crisis interview

a type of clinical interview designed not only to assess a problem demanding urgent attention (ie. thoughts or attempts of suicide, or other form of harm to the client or others) but also to provide immediate and effective intervention for the problem

developing positive working relationships

a general skill for clinical interviewers often facilitated by attentive listening, appropriate empathy, genuine respect, and cultural sensitivity

diagnostic interview

a type of clinical interview in which the primary purpose is to diagnose the client's problems

directive

in the context of the clinical interview, an approach by which interviewers obtain the information they need by asking clients specifically for it

intake interview

a type of clinical interview in which the primary purpose is essentially to determine whether to "intake" the client to the setting where the interview is taking place

listening

a simple yet vital task for the clinical psychologist, especially in the context of the clinical interview

mental status exam

a type of clinical interview often used in medical settings, the primary purpose of which is to quickly assess how the client is functioning at the time of the evaluation

nondirective

in the context of the clinical interview, an approach by which interviewers allow clients to determine the course of the interview

open-ended question

in contrast to a closed-ended question, an interview question that allows for individualized and spontaneous responses from clients

paraphrasing

a clinical interview technique used to simply assure clients that they are being accurately heard

quieting yourself

a general skill for clinical interviewers involving the minimization of internal, self-directed thoughts that can preoccupy or distract the interviewer

rapport

a positive, comfortable relationship between clinician and client, especially important in the context of the clinical interview

reliability

in psychological assessment, the extent to which a technique yields consistent, repeatable results

semistructured interviews

also known as a partially structured interview, a clinical interview that has some characteristics of a structured interview and some characteristics of unstructured interviews

structured interview

an interview with a predetermined, planned sequence of questions that an interviewer asks a client

validity

in psychological assessment, the extent to which a technique measures what it claims to measure

verbal tracking

in the context of the clinical interview, the ability to repeat key words and phrases back to clients to assure the clients that they have been accurately heard

vocal qualities

in the context of the clinical interview, pitch, tone, volume, and fluctuation of voice that are important to appreciate and use effectively

intelligence tests

measure intellectual abilities

achievement tests

measure accomplishments in academic area

neuropsychological test

focus on cognitive dysfunction, often from brain injury or illness

charles spearman

"g" for general (single) intelligence

louis thurstone

intelligence is plural abilities that may not relate to each other

hierarchial models of intelligence

blend singular and plural theories

james catell

fluid and crystallized intelligence

fluid intelligence

ability to reason when faced with novel problems

crystallized intelligence

body of knowledge accumulated through life experiences

three-stratum theory of intelligence

James Carroll's hierarchical model of intelligence with g at the top of the hierarchy, eight broad abilities at the second level, or stratum, and narrower domains of each second-stratum ability at the third stratum