M3 - Performing for Pleasure

How many Native American tribes are there?

more than 550

When did people first study American Indian music?

late 19th century

Alice Cunningham Fletcher published the first

significant English-language monograph

* A Study of Omaha Indian Music

the Smithsonian Institution’s Bureau of American Ethnology sponsored

Frances Densmore

Frances Densmore used what

technology of sound recording to preserve Native performances

How many recordings did Frances Densmore gather?

over 2,000

Native American language does not have a word for

music

7 broad areas of tribes

* Plains
* Eastern US
* Yuman (Southwestern US)
* Athabascan (Navajo/Apache)
* Pueblo
* Great Basin
* Northwestern Coast

most powerful Eastern woodlands group

Haudenosaunee Confederacy

Haudenosaunee AKA

Iroquois

Haudenosaunee name for themselves

“Ohgwehonwe”

“Ohgwehonwe” meaning

real people

Haudenosaunee Alliance is a metaphorical

longhouse

Who were the keepers in the Iroquois?

Seneca + Mohawk

Who was the firekeeper in the Iroquois?

Onondaga

When was the Haudenosaunee formed?

1100-1660

Why (what) did the Haudenosaunee join?

5 warring tribes under the “Great Law of Peace”

Who crafted the “Great Law of Peace”

Peacemaker + Hiawatha

structure of Great Law

council made up of 50 members

Who appointed Great Law council members?

clan matrons

Where did Tuscarora come from?

North Carolina

Whose land was Tuscarora given?

Oneida

What were confederacy tenets recorded on?

wampum belt

wampum belt weaves

white and purple beads made from clam and whelk shells

Haudenosaunee founded on what principle

negotiation

When was Haudenosaunee council fire extinguished?

1777

What did Haudenosaunee suffer from after the war?

displacement + alcoholism + disease

Who revitalized Haudenosaunee in 1799?

Handsome Lake

Handsome Lake was from what tribe

Seneca

Code of Handsome Lake AKA

Longhouse Religion

Who gave a speech urging colonies to unite in a confederacy like the First Nations?

Canassatego

Canassatego cited what metaphor

Peacemaker broke 1 arrow in half but 5 arrows couldn’t be broken

Ben Franklin ties to natives

* Congress of Albany “Plan of Union”
* invited members on Iroquois Great Council

Haudenosaunee precedents existed for

who declares war + restricting leaders to hold multiple offices

US Senate approved a special resolution in 1987 that acknowledges

influence that Great Law of Peace had on Constitution

7 features of Eastern Woodland music

* generally relaxed (open-throat) voices in medium and high range
* vocal shake or pulsing at ends of phrases in particular


* frequent use of call and response
* agricultural themes, such as hunting and raising crops
* some use of song cycles \[sets of songs that share some sort of theme\]
* great variety of rhythmic accompaniments on drums, syncopation
* instruments small hand drums and rattles made of turtle shells or cowhorn

symbolism in water drum

* skin on drum - reminder to respect animals
* wooden base - reminder to respect plants
* round shape - reminder of circle of life
* beat of drum - beating of our hearts

longhouses can hold how many people

50-60

contemporary activity in longhouse

“Sing”

largest Sings involve as many as

500 people

How many notated examples of Native American music are there from the 18th century?

none (same for African Americans)

3 categories of Longhouse songs

* social dance
* ceremonial
* curing

Beverly Diamond explanation of ceremonial knowledge

“stress that knowledge carries with it obligations and responsibilities”

social dances honor worldview with

circular motion

social dances can contribute what during intense rituals

humor

How many types of social dances are listed?

19-30

Haudenosaunee ritual before dancing

“Thanksgiving Address”

Haudenosaunee customary opening dances

Standing Quiver + Mocassin

Women’s Shuffle Dance AKA

eskanye

Singing Society performs how many eskanyes?

7

Women’s Shuffle Dance details

* lead singer launches
* followed by others as they repeat in unison
* feet stay close to ground

eskanye includes which 2 instruments

water drum + cow-horn rattles

John Smith quote

“the whole Country of men, women, and children came together to solemnities. The manner of their devotion is, sometimes to make a great fire, in the house or fields, and all to sing and daunce about it with Rattles and shouts together, foure or five hours.”

Who sang Ho Way Hey Yo recording?

Betsy Buck

Buck family is from what tribe?

Seneca

motivation to create Ho Way Hey Yo

deaths of Betsy Buck’s father and sister-in-law

* she heard their voices in her head

closing phrase of Ho Way Hey Yo

“Gai na wi ya he ya”

* 6 pulses instead of 4

Ho Way Hey Yo letter form

A AB AB

Francis Hopkinson careers

* singer of Declaration of Independence (1/56)
* lawyer
* judge

Francis Hopkinson negative

small stature

Hopkinson attended the Second Continental Congress as a delegate of

New Jersey

George Washington appointed Hopkinson as a judge for what US District Court?

Pennsylvania

Hopkinson’s 1759 manuscript of “My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free” is the first

art song written by an American composer

Hopkinson’s original notation can be referred to as

autograph score

When did Hopkinson do 30 years after his publication of “My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free”?

publicly laid claim to the milestone he achieved 30 years earlier

Hopkinson publication on November 20, 1788

“Seven Songs for the Harpsichord or Forte Piano” (eight songs)

Who did Hopkinson dedicate “ Seven Songs for the Harpsichord or Forte Piano” to?

George Washington

Why did Hopkinson have the wrong title for “Seven Songs for the Harpsichord or Forte Piano”?

Hopkinson decided to add a piece after the title page had been engraved, and he was reluctant to pay for a new engraving.

Hopkinson preface

“I cannot, I believe, be refused the Credit of being the first Native of the United States who has produced a Musical Composition.”

challengers to Hopkinson’s claim of being the first American to compose

Sister Foben, Lyon’s Urania, Billings tunebooks, Read’s The American Singing Book

Hopkinson meant what in his American composer claim?

he was the first United States citizen to produce secular music

* secular excludes previous colonial pieces
* Article VII of Constitutional Convention needed 9 states to ratify (happened on June 21, 1788) - his publication was the first in the NEW nation

Like many pieces at the time, “My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free” was written on

2 staves - bass and treble

Hopkinson used what poetry for “My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free”

Poems on Several Occasions (Thomas Parnell)

Parnell refers to who as his lady-love in the line “I’m by Beauty caught.”

Miss Anne Minchin

Hopkinson’s music shows what influence

European

* melodic line is flowing and graceful

melisma

elaborates the poetry by setting some syllables to multiple notes

Surrounding Hopkinson’s vocals are

keyboard + introduction + interludes + coda

What does Hopkinson label as “symphonies”?

instrumental music in an art song

Washingtons forced who to learn what instrument

Nelly + harpsichord (5 hours/day)

How did music change in the colonies in the 18th century?

* more instruments in the home
* more leisure time for musicmaking
* more money for concerts

earliest known “Consort of Musick” location + time

Boston in a dancing school + 1729

earliest known concert hall city + time

Boston + 1754

public concert forms

* single events (professional musician or amateur)
* benefit concerts (beneficiary)
* subscription concert series (like season tickets)

Charleston subscription concerts were hosted by

St. Cecillia Society (upwards of 250 ladies present)

* violins and french horns

Hopkinson’s concerts had how many subscribers

70

arias are excerpted from

operas

Moravian ensembles were called

“Collegium Musicum”

“Collegium Musicum” meaning

“people united as musical colleagues.”

Johann Friedrich Peter carried hand-copied music of who in his luggage to Bethelhem

Stamitz + Abel + Haydn

Johann Friedrich Peter ran weekly rehearsals and periodic concerts with how many people in the orchestra

15

Johann Friedrich Peter non-music job

minister

Ben Franklin attended a Moravian concert and was surprised by

* delicious sounds of Italian concerto
* the performers were common workmen

What posed a challenge to Count Zizendorf’s advice to “live in their own corner”?

1730s Georgia mandatory service

* Moravian church tenet says they cannot bear arms

during pressures to participate in the Revolutionary War, the Moravians

paid large fines to avoid combat

* viewed with suspicion by both sides

Bethelhem housed wounded soldiers in what building

Single Brothers’ House

* had outbreak of small pox then typhus
* returned in 1778

1st state to recognize Independence Day + year

Massachuestts + 1781

governor of North Carolina name + year of proclamation of “thanksgiving” for July 4

Alexander Martin + 1783

only group in North Carolina to follow Alexander Martin’s proclamation

Moravians in Salem

Moravian celebration in 1783

* kept records of celebration
* Johann Friedrich Peter organized music

What pieces did Johann Friedrich Peter create + organize for the 1783 celebrations?

Psalm of Joy (created) + Te Deum (performed)