Language of Medicine: Blood (Chapter 13)

albumin

Protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood

antibody (Ab)

Protein (immunoglobin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it

antigen

Substance (usually foreing) that stimulates the production of an antibody

basophil

White blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin

bilirubin

Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die

coagulation

Blood clotting

differentiation

Change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization

eosinophil

White blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions

erythrocyte

Red blood cell. There are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood

erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation

fibrin

Protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot

fibrinogen

Plasma protein that in converted to fibrin in the clotting process

globulin

Plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples

granulocyte

White blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil

hemoglobin

Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells

hemolysis

Destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells).

Heparin

Anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells

immune reaction

Response of the immune system to foreign invasion

immunoglobin

Protein (globulin) with antibody activity; examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD. Immun/o means protection

leukocyte

White blood cell

lymphocyte

Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies

macrophage

Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris

megakaryocyte

Large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow

monocyte

Leukocyte with one large nucleus. It is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the bloo0d and enter body tissues

mononuclear

Pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes

neutrophil

Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. It is a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. Also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte

plasma

Liquied portion of blood; contains water, protein, salts, nutrients, hormones, and vitamins

plasmapheresis

Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. Collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma

platelet

Small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process

prothrombin

Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process

Rh factor

Antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive (RH+) individuals. The factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey

serum

Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors

stem cell

Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A heatopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells

thrombin

Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

thrombocyte

Platelet.

bas/o

base (alkaline, the opposite of acid)

chrom/o

color

coagul/o

clotting

cyt/o

cell

eosin/o

red, dawn, rosy

erythr/o

red

granul/o

granules

hem/o

blood

hemat/o

blood

hemoglobin/o

hemoglobin

is/o

same, equal

kary/o

nucleus

leuk/o

white

mon/o

one, single

morph/o

shape, form

myel/o

bone marrow

neutr/o

neutral (neither base nor acid)

nucle/o

nucleus

phag/o

eat, swallow

poikil/o

varied, irregular

sider/o

iron

spher/o

globe, round

thromb/o

clot

-apheresis

removal, a carrying away

-blast

immature cell, embryonic

-cytosis

embryonic abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)

-emia

blood condition

-globin

protein

-globulin

plasma protein

-lytic

pertaining to destruction

-oid

derived from

-osis

abnormal condition

-penia

deficiency

-phage

eat, swallow

-philia

attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)

-phoresis

carrying, transmission

-poiesis

formation

-stasis

stop, control

basophil

white blood cells with dark-staining granules that have an affinity for basic dyes.

hypochromic

pertaining to deficiency of color (reduction of hemoglobin in red blood cells)

anticoagulant

a substance that works against coagulation (blood clotting)

erythroblast

Immature red blood cell

granulocyte

white blood cell with large, dark-staining granules in its cytoplasm

hemolysis

destruction of blood cells

hematocrit

separation of blood; percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of blood.

megakaryocyte

cell with multiple large nuclei; immature platelet

leukocytopenia

deficiency of white blood cells

monocyte

white blood cell with one large nucleus; an agranulocyte and phagocyte.

morphology

study of shape or form (of blood cells)

myeloblast

bone marrow cell that develops into a myelocyte and then a leukocyte

neutropenia

deficiency in neutrophils

polymorphonuclear

pertaining to a white blood cell with a multilobed nucleus (neutrophil)

phagocyte

cell that ingests other cells or microorganisms

sideopenia

deficiency in iron in serum

spherocytosis

condition (abnormal) in which erythrocytes assume a spheroidal (rounded) shape

thrombocytopenia

deficiency of clotting cells

plasmapheresis

removal of plasma from the rest of the blood by mechanical means (centrifuge)

leukemia

abnormal conditionof white blood cells (increase in numbers of malignant cells).

hemoglobin

Blood protein in eryhtrocytes; enables the cell to carry oxygen

immunoglobin

protein (antibody produced by plasma cells) that acts to protect the body by destroying antigens

thrombosis

abnormal condition of clotting

pancytopenia

deficiency of all (blood) cells

macrophage

large cell (in blood and tissues) that eats (engulfs) other cells; derived from a monocyte

eosinophilia

Increase in numbers of eosinophils

neutrophilia

Increase in numbers of neutrophils