bio 102 study exam 2

and the reproductive structure of the mushroom is

on the top of the above fungi

meiosis is (only in ovaries and testis)

cell division in which the chromosome number is halved

contaminated steroids led to 64 deaths and was called

fungal meningitis

good fungi is

sustainable and biodegradable which is why they are trying to make bags and clothes from it to better the environment

what are the four types of fungi

-chytrids (water molds)

-bread molds

-club fungi (mushrooms)

-sac fungi (yeast)

how to distinguish between the different fungi

-their spore/ reproductive structures

Does fungi move?

no, they are sessile (stationary)

which of fungi is evidence that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants? -being sessile

-presence of a cell wall

-fungal DNA sequence

-all of the above

fungal DNA sequence

why is it more difficult to make drugs for fungal infections?

since we are closely related to fungi, there aren't many solutions that wouldn't kill our cells. very few drugs only target fungi cells

sometimes fungi can be a predator true or false

true, they can kill root worms

food making fungus includes

yeast, blue cheese, alcohol

cyclosporin makes

organ transplants possible which is from a fungi

ergotmine helps with

migraines and prevents hemorrhaging which is a fungus that grows on rye

mycotex is a company that makes

textiles from mushroom mycelium

what is the genetically modified fungi

a biopesticide (can block the malaria parasite development inside the mosquito)

whats a lichen

lichens are formed by close relationship between fungus and single celled photosynthetic organisms

lichens can classify what from their color they turn?

bioindicators of pollution

the algae cell or cyanobacteria is benefited because

it is protected by the fungus

the fungus benefits by getting food from the algae since fungi cant

photosynthesize and algae can

the body of a fungus is

a large mass below the surface

whats the largest single living organism on earth

the oregon honey fungus covers more than 3.4 miles and is more than 2400 years old

the branches of the mushroom both underground and above is called

hyphae

the ends of the hyphae are what

spore producing structures

n means

haploid (1 set of chromosomes) examples are eggs and sperm and spores

in the human life cycle

it goes from meiosis to fertilization to mitosis (n and n from sprem and egg and then the zygote when combined into 2n, mitosis)

spores are made both sexually and asexually true or false

true

sometimes there is nuclear fusion and the dikaryotic separate becomes

diploid (combined nuclei)

spores grow directly into fungi true or false

true

sexual reproduction cycle within fungi

mycelium (n), fusion of cytoplasm, dikaryotic (n+n), fusion of nuclei, zygote (2n), meiosis, spores (n), dispersal and mitosis

under a microscope, a piece of mushroom would look like

a tangle of string

some disadvantages to fungi

white nose syndrome in bats, chytrid fungus kills frogs, some fungi are parasites that cause plant disease, corn smut, wheat and coffee rust, ringworm, yeast infection, athlete's foot (very hard to threat since there are only a few treatment that wont also affect us as humans)

a plant is a

multicellular eukaryote

plants are renewable but plant diversity is

non renewable

Plants are autotrophs (carries out photosynthesis by using sunlight to convert CO2 and water into sugar for the plant) true or false

true

plants are sessile (don't move) true or false

true they stay anchored in one place

turmeric (active ingredient: curcumin) helps with what

digestive disorders, antimicrobial properties, anti inflammatory, keeps cancer away

some harmful plants include

kudzu, jimson weed, and dodder

Plants probably evolved from what?

green algae (425 million years ago)

they are the closest relative to plants and the ancestors of plants began the transition from water to land with the evolution of resistance to drying

when algae began the transition to land, what were some advantages?

more sunlight

more CO2

more nutrients

some challenges to life on land were?

desiccation or drying out (because of the tight wax over their leaves)

they then made stomata for the CO2 to come in and exchange gases so it wouldn't be blocked by the cuticle

the roots became its support

the vascular system included the xylem and phloem which were pipes that carried nutrients

then pollen was made, then seed, flower, and fruit

whats the cycle of making fruit from plants?

waxy cuticle, stomata on leaf (gas exchange), roots, xylem/phloem, pollen, seeds, flowers, fruits

features that all land plants share

eukaryote

multicellular

cuticle

alternation of generation(sporophyte to gameotphyte)

photosynthesis (most)

animal life cycle

ovary and testis meiosis (n and n), fertilization that makes a 2n zygote, then mitosis and development

general life cycle of all plants

spores (n), mitosis, gametophyte plant (eggs n, sperm n), mitosis, fertilization, zygote (2n), mitosis, sporophyte plant (2n), meiosis

does turmeric kill all the good bacteria with the bad

no, it does not kill all the good bacteria like antibiotics

Bryophytes are known as

mosses

moss characteristics include

no support system (cant grow tall)

non vascular

wet environment

meiosis is

a change (like 2n to n)

the moss life cycle is

gametophyte (n), into n and n (sperm and egg), then the sperm swim to fertilize the egg, which makes a zygote (2n), than mitosis occurs (sporophyte 2n), then releases spores which is meiosis bc its back to n and the cycle continues

moss helps the environment

with flood control, gardening, production of whiskey

advantage and disadvantage of peat bogs

a: important carbon storage malaysia has converted massive areas of peat swamp forest into oil palm plantations

d: flooding bc they controlled water flow

vascular seedless plants became possible

through the evolution of vascular tissue

what is the job of vascular tissue

to transport nutrients and water

gives strength and support to plants to allow taller growth

fern life cycle

starts as a sporophyte (2n), meiosis into spores, mitosis into gametophyte (n), still mitosis into sperm and egg, meiosis into zygote (2n)

Fern gametophytes are __________.

tiny

some examples of gymnosperms

cycad, sequoia, douglas fir

wind dispersal of pollen is highly inefficient true or false

true

the tallest tree is:

the oldest tree is:

redwood conifers

4800 years old

the gymnosperm life cycle key features include

the pine tree (sporophyte) has two gametes (sperm and egg), sperm produces microspores that are pollen that is taken by wind to the female cones which is a megaspore, that fertilization within the ovule becomes an embryo and then a seed which then repeats the process over

the ovule became the

seed

gametophyte produces

gametes

some features of gymnosperms

they release pollen grains

they create seeds

don't release spores

male reproductive structure is called _______ and made up of _________

stamen; anther (produces pollen), filament (supports stalk)

angiosperms also release pollen that is carried by

wind, birds, insects, and animals

flowers that are intricate or closed attract

bees

flowers that smell like feces or decaying flesh attract

flies and beetles

flower has no odor what does it attract?

animals with a poor sense of smell like birds

some bees are losing their way of pollinating and forgetting what flowers they've been to due to

pesticides and the colony collapse disorder

new features of angiosperms

flowers

relationship with animals, birds, and insects for carrying pollen

rapid seed production

fruit development

angiosperm life cycle

starts with the sporophyte, with a microspore, then turns into a male gametophyte (produces pollen), then it pollinated and taken to the megaspore, which then mixes with the egg and becomes fertilized, then the embryo is made, the ovary becomes ovule, and the seed then becomes fruit

A fungi is prokaryote or eukaryote?

Eukaryote

most fungi is (unicellular/multicellular) and have a cell walls made of ______________

multicellular; chitin

fungi is heterotrophic and can't make their own food yet feed on

dead animals and wood (they are decomposers and break down organic compounds which is very useful for the environment)

fungi digest organic matter which helps with

plastic pollution and toxic wastes

medically useful fungi provides antibiotics such as

penicillin from penicillium fungi

mycorrhizae is plant roots + fungi which makes a

healthier plant with more nutrients (they receive sugar from the plant while transferring nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil to the plant)

fungi + green algae or cyanobacteria =

lichens

fine fibers wrapped around plant roots is classified as a

healthy plant

the body of the fungus under the soil is called

mycelium

fungal reproduction is all about

spores! (increasing the surface area to make and release more spores)

2n means

diploid (2 sets of chromosomes) humans! one from female and one from male

mitosis is

cell division in which the chromosome number is the same

when the nucleus doesn't combine (n+n) its called

dikaryotic

then the diploid cells undergo meiosis and produce

haploid spores that start to grow haploid hyphae and release spores to start the cycle over at mitosis

asexual reproduction within fungi

mycelium, mitosis, spores (n), dispersal and mitosis

mycotoxins are

fungal toxins

liver cancer causing toxin is called

aflatoxin

a plant parasite that depends on mycorrhizae for nutrients is called

ghost pipe

Plants provide

food (lavender, herbs, spices) , biofuels, oxygen, fiber, timber, medicines (morphine/menthol)

YouYou Tu won a noble prize for discovering a malarial drug in a plant called

Artemisia

mitosis is

no change (n to n)

gymnosperms are

naked seed plants

a seed is multicellular and fertilization produces a

diploid seed, which is a multicellular embryo and store of carbohydrate (endosperm) to fuel its initial growth, then the seedling draws energy from the endosperm while it extends it leaves upward for photosynthesis and its roots downward to reach water and nutrients

palm tree seeds create

palm oil for cooking

male cones release pollen grains that require wind to reach a female

ovules that will produce seeds from the fertilization of the pollen (reproductive structures)

what does pollen house?

sperm so that the fertilization can occur without water

sporophyte produces

spores

what are angiosperms

flowering plants

what plants are dominant today

angiosperms

what are some characteristics of angiosperms?

they distribute water/nutrients with a circulatory system of vascular tissue

produce flowers that produce gametes

seeds are enclosed in the ovule

flowering trees, bushes, herbs, and grass (over 250,000)