Unit II Lecture Exam

BIO 180

temperature, excretion, metabolic (vit D), protection, blood reservoir, sensory

Functions of the Integumentary System (TEMPBS)

Layers of thick skin

Coreum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Layers of thin skin

Coreum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Stratum Coreum

Outside Layer of Epidermis (20-30 layers)

Stratum Lucidum

Clear layer of dead squamous cells in epidermis (thick)

Stratum Granulosum

Layer where cells die in the epidermis (3-5 layers)

Stratum Spinosum

Alive cells in the epidermis, contains desmosomes, dendritic cells and keratinocyte (8-10 layers)

Stratum Basale

First layer of the epidermis, contains melanocytes and tactile/merkle cells (1 row)

Melanocytes

Produce melanin, found in stratum basale

Tactile/Merkle Cells

Detect pressure, located in stratum basale

Stem Cells

Create new skin cells and old ones get pushed up, located in stratum baseale

Keratinocytes

Cells made of pre-keratin, joined by desmosomes, located in stratum spinosum

Dendritic Cell (Langerhans)

Generate immune response, located in stratum spinosum

Papillary Region

Top thin layer of the dermis, full of papilla, areolar connective tissue

Reticular Region

Bottom portion of the dermis, contains structures, dense irregular connective tissue

Connective Tissue

What tissue is the dermis made of?

Adipose Tissue

What tissue is the hypodermis made of?

Hair Follicle

Produces hair, connected inside of dermis

Root hair plexus

Network of nerve fibers connected to hair follicles

Arrector pili muscle

Smooth muscle, forces sebaceous glands to excrete sebum, reason for goosebumps

Sebaceous gland

Holocrine glands, produces sebum, protects with oily coating, antibacterial

Merocrine Sweat Gland

Merocine glands, produces sweat (clear, salty, acidic, watery, nitrogenous waste, dermcidin)

Regulates temperature, found everywhere, closer to dermis surface

Apocrine Sweat Gland

Produces stinky sweat (cloudy, sticky, attracts bacteria)

No known function, found in the armpit and anogenital region, active at puberty

Pacinian Corpuscle (Lamellar)

Structure in dermis that senses pressure and vibrations

Meissner’s Corpuscle (Tactile)

Structure in dermis that senses fine touch in hairless areas

Merkle Discs

Receptor of touch and vibration, sends signal to brain

Function of Nails

Protect skin on end of fingertips

Melanin

Protects nucleus from UV rays, varies in activity due to amount of UV rays an individual is exposed to

Keratin

Tough fibrous component of skin

Earwax

Produced by ceruminous glands

support, protect, anchors, mineral reserve, energy storage (yellow marrow), blood cell production

Function of the skeletal system

Bone

Dense matrix containing osteocytes

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells, stick in lamellae, maintain matrix

Osteon

Bone cell

Haversian canal

Center of bone, main passage way for nutrients

Inorganic mass of bone

2/3rds of bone, made up of calcium and phosphorus

Organic mass of bone

1/3rd of bone, made up of protein fibers (collagen)

Osteogenic

Stem cells who produce osteoblasts, located in the periosteum and endosteum

Osteoblast

Immature bone cell, builds matrix with organic components

Osteoclasts

Multinucleate cells, secrete acids and enzymes to destroy matrix, come from white blood cells, located in the periosteum and endosteum

Lacuna

Pocket that houses osteons

Trabeculae

Beams, no haversian canal, BV weave through spaces

Periosteum

Fibrous/Cellular layer around bone, outer surface, path for nerves and BV

Concentric lamellae

Rings of matrix around Haversian canal

Interstitial lamellae

Left over areas of bone matrix between rings

Circumferential lamellae

Inside wrapping around whole bone

Perforating canal

Where blood vessels enter endosteum

Endosteum

Lining around trabeculae in spongey bone, lines central canal and medullary cavity

Compact Bone

Harder bone, withstand more pressure, provides added strength

Spongey Bone

Less dense bone, transfer weight, mesh trabeculae, no osteons

Depression, Groove, Tunnel

Where BV or nerves lie alongside or enter bone

Articular Cartilage

Cartilage on the tips of the bone

Medullary Cavity

Hollow inside of a bone

Yellow Marrow

Stores fat inside of the bone

Red Marrow

Responsible for blood cell production inside of the bone, hips, spine, proximal end of humorous and femur

Epiphysis

Rounded end of a long bone, composed mostly of spongy bone tissue, contains red bone marrow

Diaphysis

Long, cylindrical shaft of a long bone, composed of compact bone tissue and contains the medullary cavity

Epiphyseal Plate

Line of cartilage that closes with age

Nutrient Foramen

Where BV enter in the diaphysis of the bone to deliver nutrients

Perforating Fibers

Thread that tie the periosteum to the rest of the bone

Mesenchyme Cells

Ability to differentiate into various cell types, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle cells, role in embryonic development, wound healing, and tissue repair.

Process

Any boney prominence

Spine

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Condyle

Rounded articular projection, often articulate with a corresponding fossa

Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection, may be rough

Trochanter

Large, blunt, irregularly shaped

Crest

Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

Line

Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than crest

Head

Bony expansion carried on narrow neck

Fissure

Narrow, slit like opening

Foramen

Hole through bone

Meatus

Canal like passage way

Sinus

Cavity within a bone, filled with air, lined by mucus membranes

Long bone

Classically shaped bone, ex femur, humorous

Flat Bone

Flat shaped bone, ex serum, skull

Irregular Bone

Oddly shaped bone, vertebra, hip

Short Bone

Rounded bone, ex wrist, ankle

Endochondral Ossification

Hyaline Cartilage turn into bone overtime

Intramembranous Ossification

Fibrous Cartilage turns into bone overtime, ex: skull, clavicle

Calcification

Depositions of Ca salts

Appositional Growth

Widening of the bones with growth

Fontanelles

Soft spots, unfused sutures in infant skull

Thyroxine

Thyroid Hormone, excess makes you grow, deficient keeps you short

Sex horomones

Stimulate osteoblasts during puberty to cause growth and closure of the epiphyseal plate

Calcitonin

Produced in thyroid, decreases blood Ca levels

Parathyroid horomone

Produced in the parathyroid, increases blood Ca levels

Stress on Bones

Stress causes breakdown which leads to stronger rebuilding of the bone

Calcitroil

Can only be absorbed if vitamin D3 is present, aids in absorbing Ca and P

Vitamins for bones

Vitamin D, B12, A, C, K

Displaced Fracture

Ends of bone retain normal alignment

Spiral Fracture

Twisting force applied to bone to break

Greenstick Fracture

Bone splitters instead of breaking, seen in children

Fracture Repair (1)

Hematoma Forms, within hours

Fracture Repair (2)

Fibrocartilage callus forms (soft), within days

Fracture Repair (3)

Bony callus forms, within a week

Fracture Repair (4)

Bone Remolding, up to a year to heal

80

Bones in the Axial Skeleton

22

Bones in the Skull

26

Bones in the vertebral column