BIO 230: Lecture Exam 1

What are the tasks of a zoologist?

characterize, classify, compare/contrast, conserve

What characteristics of an animal do zoologists look at when they characterize?

form, natural history, behavior

What is binomial nomenclature?

a formal system, standardized of naming species.

What do zoologists compare when looking at differrent species?

molecular/cellular mechanisms, physiological function, ecology, relatedness (phylogeny)

Subdisciplines of Zoology: Anatomy

the study of the structure of animals

Cytology

the study of the structure and function of animal cells

Ecology

the study of the relations of animals to one another and to their physical environment

Embryology

the study of animal embryos and their development

Genetics

the study of animal genes and heredity

Histology

the study of microscopic tissues of structures

molecular biology

the study of chemical and physical structure of biological macromolecules

parasitology

the study of parasites

systematics

the study of the distinctive characteristics of species and how they are related to other species through time

paleontology

the study of fossils

ethology

the study of animal behavior

entomology

study of insects

herpetology

the study of amphibians and reptiles

ichthyology

the study of fishes

mammalogy

the study of mammals

orinthology

the study of birds

protozoology

the study of protists

what are 2 limitations to human inference?

we are single observers of a big world, we are biased

What are some solutions to human limitations and bias in understanding the natural world?

a quantitative approach, replication, systematic conclusions, peer review

what are the 2 major cell types?

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

why are cells usually small?

limited by the surface area to volume ratio

why is the phospholipid bilayer an important cell membrane

it has selective permiability

simple diffusion is…

movement down a concentration gradient that does not require a transport protein or energy

osmosis is…

the spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane

what is facilitated diffusion

the passive movement of molecules down a concentration gradient with the help of a carrier protein

what is filtration (pressure)

movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system.

active transport

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

what is bulk transport

the movement of bulky items such as macromolecules into or out of the cell. requires energy

ribosome funtion

protein synthesis

endoplasmic reticulum function

making/ production of proteins and lipids

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

processes and packs proteins for transport

lysosomes function

the digestive system of the cell, cleans up waste

peroxisomes function

involved in the oxidation of fatty acids

mitochondria function

generates chemical energy for the cell

cytoskeleton function

provide structural support for the cell

cilia function

to move the cell through a liquid medium

centrioles function

organizes the microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system

vacuoles function

helps sequester waste products

nucleus function

house genetic info and acts as the control center

what is the function of vaults in a cell

mRNA localization, drug resistance, cell signaling, and innate immunity

what are tissues

groups of similar cells specialized for the performance of a common function

what are the 4 tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, skeletal

epithelial tissue function

covers/lines structures, absorption/excretion, and protection

what type of tissue is this

simple squamous epithelium

where is simple squamous found?

air sacs of lungs, lining of blood vessels

what type of tissue is this?

simple cuboidal epithelium

where is simple cuboidal found?

kidney tubules and ducts, surface of ovary

what type of tissue is this?

simple columnar epithelium

where is simple columnar found?

lining of digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts of glands

what type of tissue is this?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

where is pseudostratified columnar found?

lining of bronchi, uterus

what type of tissue is this?

stratified squamous epithelium

where is stratified squamous found?

espohagus, mouth, vagina, anus

what type of tissue is this?

nervous tissue

what are glia?

cells that protect, support, and nourish neurons

what type of tissue is this?

adipose connective tissue

where is adipose tissue found?

around kidneys, under skin, breasts

what type of tissue is this?

loose connective tissue

where is loose connective tissue found?

widely distributed under epithelia

what are fibroblasts

cells that produce collagenous and elastic fibers

what type of tissue is this?

fibrous connective tissue

where is fibrous connective tissue found?

tendons and ligaments

what type of tissue is this?

hyaline cartilage

where is hyaline cartilage found

joints, immature skeleton

what type of tissue is this?

elastic cartilage

where is elastic cartilage found?

external ear and epiglottis

what type of tissue is this?

bone

what are the cells in bone tissue called?

osteoblasts

what type of tissue is this?

blood

what type of tissue is this?

skeletal muscle tissue

what type of tissue is this?

smooth muscle tissue

What type of tissue is this?

cardiac muscle tissue

Why is mitosis needed?

growth and development, reproduction, tissue renewal

what are attributes of advantageous cell division

accuracy/accurate distribution, energetic efficiency, timely

What are the phases of interphase

G1, S, G2

what happens during G1

normal metabolism/growth

What happens during S

DNA replication

What happens during G2

nuclear envelopes encloses nucleus, two centrosomes form, chromosomes can’t yet be seen individually

what happens during prophase of mitosis?

chromatin fibers coil into observable chromosomes, mitotic spindle forms, centrosomes move away from each other

what happens during prometaphase of mitosis?

nuclear envelope fragments, each chromosome now has a kinetochore, some microtubules attach to kinetochore

what happens during metaphase of mitosis?

centrosomes at poles, chromosomes convene at metaphase plate, kinetochores of each chromatid attached to microtubules from opposite poles

what happens during anaphase of mitosis?

cohesion proteins cleaved, sister chromatids separate, move toward opposite poles, cells elongate

what happens during telophase and cytokinesis of mitosis?

nuclear envelopes form, chromosomes decondense, microtubules depolymerize, cytokinesis begins

what are the advantages of meiosis

accurate distribution of chromosomes, energetic efficiency, speed, and variability

what is the evolutionary significance of variation?

it is the fodder of evolution, it introduces new traits into an organism

what are some sources of genetic variation in meiosis

crossing-over in prophase I and independent assortment in metaphase I, and fertilization

what is natural selection

“survival of the fittest” the mechanism where organisms best fit for a certain environment are the organisms that reproduce and survive and the unfit organisms either die due to their traits or are unable to find a mate

what is speciation

occurs when a group within a species separates and develops its own unique set of characteristics

what are the 4 categories of evidence of evolution

direct observation, fossil record, biogeography, homology

evidence of evolution: what is an example of direct observation?

herbicide resistant weeds

evidence of evolution: what is an example of fossil record?

comparing and contrasting the talus morphology of extinct and extant whale-like organisms with other taxa

evidence of evolution: what is an example of biogeograpgy?

sibling species of snapping shrimp as populations were divided by the formation of the Isthmus of Panama

evidence of evolution: what is an example of homology?

looking at similarities in morphology, behavior, and molecular makeup of bones to see how they evolved to fit the environment

what is convergence

unrelated organisms develop the same or similar traits due to the pressures of their similar environment

what is the evidence of the first prokaryotes?

stromatolites that were made when prokaryotes bound thin films of sediment together

what is the evidence for the first photosynthetic prokaryotes?

rusted rocks with iron oxide, the only way the rocks could have rusted would be a change in their atmosphere that lead to oxygen being in the air from the gas exchange