PSY 217 Final Exam

reliability

\___ is the consistency of the observations, are the measurements the same each time they are taken on the same thing?

validity

\___ is whether the measurement actually measures what it claims to measure

less

Measurements can never be less / the same / more reliable than they are valid

nominal

What is the level of measurement of a college student’s major?

interval

What is the level of measurement of a person’s shoe size?

ordinal

What is the level of measurement of a college student’s class rank?

ratio

What is the level of measurement of a person’s weight?

reactivity

\___ occurs when a person or animal changes its behavior because it knows it is being observed.

physical trace measures

What type of observation occurs when one looks at the browsing history of a person’s web browser?

naturalistic observation

What type of observation occurs when one watches squirrels in front of the library?

participant disguised or undisguised

What type of observation occurs when one observes other people in the same club / organization / group as the observer?

inter observer reliability

\___ occurs when two people observe the same things and then their results are correlated.

pilot test

A(n) \___ occurs when the researcher tests the proposed method on a small group of people to see whether the protocol works and is capable of being performed.

Hung et. al (2017)

Create an APA style citation for the first time the article is cited.

Hung et. al

Create an APA style citation for the second time the article is cited in the same paragraph.

Style and context slide: running head in all caps, title and page number, title is in title case (for four letters or more), double spaced two times. Authors, double spaced, department, university, bottom, author note has level one heading. Notes are indented and add conflicts

What is the style and content of an APA style title page?

Abstract, bulk of this is literature review, hypothesis is stated at the end

What belongs in an introduction of an APA style manuscript that is based on data?

level one heading with three subsections in level two in bold (sample, material, design)

What belongs in a method section of an APA style manuscript that is based on data?

start with the prediction, then describe the statistic, then describe the inferential statistics and all info that goes with that, finally if the results are consistent with the hypothesis

What belongs in a results section of an APA style manuscript that is based on data?

Restate if the hypothesis consistent with the hypothesis is, relate it to previous research, importance of research, establish the finding with practical application, list future research and possible faults

What belongs in a discussion section of an APA style manuscript that is based on data?

150 word summary of all the paper

What belongs in an abstract of an APA style manuscript that is based on data?

sign

The \___ of r tells us the direction of the relationship – do both variables tend to increase / decrease together, or does one variable tend to increase as the other tends to decrease?

margin

The \___ of r tells us the strength of the relation between two variables.

coefficient of determination or r^2

The \___ tells us the proportion of variability in one variable that can be explained / accounted for by variability in the other variable. It is often used as a measure of the size of the effect.

determine purpose, method of administering, type of questions, write questions, send pilot test to see if it is reliable and valid

What are the steps in planning a survey?

test retest

\___ occurs when the same survey /questionnaire is given twice to the same group of people and the results are correlated.

split half reliability such as cronbach's alpha

\___ occurs when a single survey / questionnaire is given once to a single group of people. A random half of the questions are used to form one score and the other half of the questions are used to form a second score. The two sets of scores are correlated.

parallel validity

\___ occurs when two equivalent forms of a survey / questionnaire are given once to a group of people. The scores on the two forms are correlated.

construct validity

\___ occurs when a new survey / questionnaire and the “gold standard questionnaires that measure the same construct are given to a group of people. The score from the new questionnaire and the score from the “gold standard” are correlated.

letter colors

Participants see either dark letters on a light background or light letters on a dark background on a sign. The letters are the same size on each sign. The participants start far from the sign and slowly walk toward the sign until they can just read it. What is the independent variable?

how close until they can read

Participants see either dark letters on a light background or light letters on a dark background on a sign. The letters are the same size on each sign. The participants start far from the sign and slowly walk toward the sign until they can just read it. What is the dependent variable?

letter size

Participants see either dark letters on a light background or light letters on a dark background on a sign. The letters are the same size on each sign. The participants start far from the sign and slowly walk toward the sign until they can just read it. What is the control variable?

internal

\___ validity is the extent to which a study can rule out alternative explanations of the results.

external

\___ validity is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other people, situations, or times.

controlling everything does not relate to real world, *inversely related*

Why can’t internal and external validity both be high in the same study?

independent sample

A(n) \___ occurs when a participant participates in a single condition of the experiment.

use: length of time and non IV factors. No: sequence effect/repeated measures

When should an independent sample design be used? When should it be avoided?

confound validity

A(n) \___ occurs if a variable that should have been controlled is not controlled and its value covaries with the value of the independent variable.

raises internal validity

What does block random assignment do for us in an independent sample design?

use with fewer participants, (group participates in each condition so you don't need different groups for each condition).is more efficient of the researchers time, higher probability of rejecting false hypotheses because more is able to be controlled for individual differences

When should a repeated measures design be used?

when a sequence effect occurs, if this happens then use independent samples

When should a repeated measures design be avoided?

order

A(n) \___ effect occurs when participation in any condition changes participation in later conditions. It is a type of carryover effect.

sequence

A(n) \___ effect occurs when participation in a specific condition changes participation in a later condition. It is a type of carryover effect.

ensure internal validity by controlling the potential confounds created by sequence and order effects

Why is counterbalancing used?

use with fewer participants, (group participates in each condition so you don't need different groups for each condition).is more efficient of the researchers time, higher probability of rejecting false hypotheses because more is able to be controlled for individual differences

When should a repeated measures design be used?

when a sequence effect occurs, if this happens then use independent samples

When should a repeated measures design be avoided?

never, very unbalanced

When should randomization be used

if presenting each condition lots of times and ensure the conditions are equally distributed

When should block random assignment be used

presenting each condition only twice and the number of conditions is not more than 3 or 4

When should reverse assignment/ ABBA be used

each condition is only presented once and there are no more than 3 or for conditions

When should complete assignment be used

if each condition can be presented once and you have 4 6 8 10 conditions,

When should balance latin square be used if n\= an even number

if each condition can be presented twice and you have 5 or more conditions

When should latin square be used if n= an odd number

1, 2, 4, 3 → 1, 2, 5, 3, 5-1

Create a balanced Latin square for 4 conditions. How would it change if there were five conditions?

factorial

A(n) \___ design must have at least two factors and all possible conditions must be present in the study.

interaction

A(n) \___ occurs when the value of the dependent variable is sufficiently different at the various levels of a single independent variable

interaction

A(n) \___ occurs when the effect of one (or more) independent variables on the dependent variable is different for various levels of another independent variable.

simple main effect

A(n) \___ is the effect of an independent variable at one level of another independent variable.

higher order interaction

A(n) \___ occurs when the nature of a 2 way (or higher) interaction is different at the various levels of another independent variable.

the simple main effect of an IV depends on the level of one or more IVs, the lines on a graph of the results are not statistically parallel, the effect of 2 or more IVs are not additive

What are the three definitions of an interaction? Why are they all identical?

mixed

A(n)\___ factorial design occurs when there is at least one independent sample factor and at least one repeated measures factor. How does its statistical power compare to the other types of factorial designs?

depth cue

A(n) \___ is any source of information that the visual system uses when it is recreating the perception of depth.

linear perspective

\___ states that parallel lines appear to recede to a single point

size??

The \___ of an object gets larger the closer the object is to the observer and for larger objects.

practice is individual while research is general knowledge and must follow federal guidelines/code

What is the difference between research and practice in the Belmont Report?

informed consent

The basic ethical principle of \___ states that we must treat people as if they are capable of deliberating and coming to a conclusion about whether they want to participate in a study or not.

beneficence

The basic ethical principle of \___ states that the benefits should be maximized and the risks minimized in a study.

justice

The basic ethical principle of \___ deals with who should bear the burdens and reap the benefits of research.

respect to persons

\___ is an application of the basic ethical principle of respect for persons.

tells participant about what's occurring, needs time, problems that may occur, and anything to due with study that will not compromise results, needs to be sent before research

What is informed consent? What information should it contain? When can it be dispensed with?

research declares minimal risk and falls into few categories (ie: questionnaires)

What is exempt from review?

minimal risk studies in educational environments, but there is a risk if the data are released, review is how it’s stored

What is exempt with limited review?

one IRB review, still minimal risk but change in behavior

What is expedited?

above minimal risk and there is a full IRB review

What is a full review?

International Review Board

The \___is the committee defined by 45 CFR 46 that is charged with the review of proposals for research with human participants and/or their records.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

The \___ is the committee that is charged with the review of proposals for research with animals.

there is no causality of how men and women hold their books. from reading itself “Although size of load affects the sex-typical book-carrying behavior of some females, it has no effect on males' carrying. Males who carried books atypically for their sex scored differently on psychological tests from those who carried typically. This difference was not found in females. There does not seem to be a simple explanation for the sex differences in bookcarrying behavior, but psychological, social and cultural, and various biological factors all appear to be involved.”

What are the major conclusions of Jenni (1976)?

“When work drive was entered before the Big 5 personality traits did not add significantly to the prediction of course grade. Our results confirmed the significant, positive relationship between general intelligence and course grade.”, from reading

What are the major conclusions of Lounsbury, Sundstrom, Loveland and Gibson (2003)?

prior knowledge of a situation does not guarantee its usefulness for comprehension.

What are the major conclusions of Bransford and Johnson (1972)?

In general, deeper encodings took longer to accomplish and were associated with higher levels of performance on the subsequent memory test. Also, questions leading to positive responses were associated with higher retention levels than questions leading to negative responses, at least at deeper levels of encoding.

What are the major conclusions of Craik and Tulving (1975)?

with binocular vision, 99% of reach was accurate to the real world. “Binocular viewing, however, resulted in a far more consistent tendency to reach for the nearer object”

What are the major conclusions of Granrud, Yonas and Pettersen (1984)?

“A positive coefficient indicates that as the value of the independent variable increases, the mean of the dependent variable also tends to increase. A negative coefficient suggests that as the independent variable increases, the dependent variable tends to decrease.”

How do you interpret regression spss

if p is less than .05 (or alpha) then reject the null hypothesis

How do you interpret independent samples t tests, repeated measures ANOVA and factorial repeated measures ANOVA in spss?

H0\=the variables are independent, there is no relationship between the two categorical variables. Knowing the value of one variable does not help to predict the value of the other variable, H1\=the variables are dependent, there is a relationship between the two categorical variables. Knowing the value of one variable helps to predict the value of the other variable

What are the null and alternative hypotheses for a χ^2 test of independence?

p is greater than .05, results are not statistically significant

How do you interpret jamovi output for a χ^2 test of independence?

magnitude of pearsons r, high magnitude is closer effect

What is an appropriate measure of effect size for correlation? How is it interpreted?

A one-tailed is one way to reject the null hypothesis. A two-tailed test is more than one way to reject a null hypothesis

What is the difference between a one-tailed and two-tailed t-test?

H0: the mean of \___ is greater than or equal to the mean of \___, H1: the mean of \___ is less than the mean of \____

What are the null and alternative hypotheses for a one-tailed t-test?

test if k samples have equal variances, students t is for equal population variance and welches t is for unequal population variances

What is Levene’s test for equality of variances? How does one decide whether to use Student’s t (equal variances assumed) versus Welch’s t (equal variances not assumed)?

if confidence interval overlaps mean of other group, not significant

How do you interpret jamovi output for independent samples t tests?

H0: there is no difference in means of the different levels of factor A, H1: the means are not the same

What are the null and alternative hypotheses for a one-way ANOVA?

used to test whether or not the assumption of sphericity is met in a repeated measures ANOVA, assess the change in a continuous outcome with three or more observations across time or within-subjects.

What is Mauchly’s test of sphericity? How does one decide whether to use no sphericity correction or the Greenhouse-Geisser correction?

f value, The higher the F-value in an ANOVA, the higher the variation between sample means relative to the variation within the samples

How do you interpret jamovi output for repeated measures ANOVA?

η^2p (partial eta squared), anything greater than .05 is large effect

What is an appropriate measure of effect size for ANOVA? How is it interpreted?

statistically significant mean differences

When should one use multiple comparisons in a one-way ANOVA?

H0: M__\=M__\=M__, H1: at least one pair of means is different

What are the null and alternative hypotheses for multiple comparison?

reduce the chances of obtaining false-positive results (type I errors) when multiple pairwise tests are performed on a single set of data, alpha/number of comparisons

What is the Bonferroni correction? How is it calculated?

H0: M1=M2=M3…, H1: at least one set of means is different

What are the null and alternative hypotheses for main effects in factorial ANOVA?

H0: these is no difference in the population means of the different levels of factor__, H1: at least one set of means is not the same

What are the null and alternative hypotheses for interactions in factorial ANOVA?

yes, increases type I error rate

Do we need to worry about sphericity in a 2 X 2 repeated-measures, factorial ANOVA?

p value is less than .05

How do you interpret jamovi output for a repeated-measures, factorial ANOVA?