BIOL 240 Exam 4 ALL

endocrine system

system of glands that secretes hormones directly into bloodstream

does the endocrine system mediate all tissues

yes

ONLY system whose organs are anatomically not connected

endocrine system

how does the endocrine system (ES) communicate

ES

what does the es target

any cell with receptors for hormones

what is the es response time

slow (seconds, minutes, hours)

effect of the es

metabolic activity, widespread, long-lasting (min, days, weeks)

ES recovery time

slow

nervous system (ns) communication

neurotransmitters

ns target

neurons, muscle, gland

ns effect

contraction, secretion, localized, short-term

ns recovery time

rapid

exocrine gland

A gland (as a sweat gland, a salivary gland, or a kidney) that releases a secretion external to or at the surface of an organ by means of a canal or duct.

exocrine gland secretions transported by

ducts

exocrine gland location in relation to target cells

very close

endocrine gland

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

do endocrine glands have ducts

no

do endocrine glands need to be close to target cells

no

endocrine gland locations

located within highly vascularized areas

Hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

target cells

cells that have receptors for a particular hormone

target organs

organs that have target cells

amino acid based hormones

Amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins

what are most hormones in the body?

amino acid based hormones

steroid hormones

type of lipid derived from cholesterol

what are steroid hormones made from

gonads and adrenal cortex

3 secretion control types

humoral, neural, hormonal

humoral secretion

in response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood

neural secretion

stimulation by nerves

hormonal secretion

Stimuli received from other glands, certain hormones signal secretion of other hormones

Hormones levels are regulated by a circular, complex, self-adjusting mechanism called

feedback

positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

oxytocin is what type of feedback

positive

negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

blood glucose level in body feedback type

negative

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland, -produce/secrete hormones

how many pituitary hormones are there?

7 (6 tropic)

what regulates the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

posterior pituitary 2 hormones

ADH and oxytocin

adh

antidiuretic hormone

adh released in response to \_______ blood pressure, or \_________ salt concentration

low, high

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

TSH target

thyroid gland

Growth (GH)

growth hormone

GH target

many tissues

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

cortisol release (androgenes)

ACTH target

adrenal cortex

Prolactin (PRL)

stimulates milk production

Prolactin target

breast

Follicle (FSH)

egg/sperm production

FSH target

Gonads

luteinizing hormone (LH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation

LH target

gonads

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

increases the production of melanin in melanocytes of the skin

acromegaly

oversecretion of growth hormone as adult, abnormal enlargement of the extremities

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

Largest gland devoted to endocrine activities

thyroid gland

what connects lobes of thyroid gland

isthmus

thyroid procedures what

hormones that control metabolism and calcium in blood

calcitonin released when

high concentrations of Ca+ in blood,

iodine is needed to produce what

thyroid hormone

Hypothyroidism

Decreased production of TH

low TH means what

increased TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

increased TSH means what

Thyroid hormone can't be produced

Thyroid hormone can't be produced causes what

hyperplasia

Hyperthyroidism

excessive production of thyroid hormones

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

weight loss, hyperactivity, anxiety, insomnia, heatintolerance, etc

hyperthyroidism results in

Graves disease

parathyroid glands

small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues

parathyroid glands secrete what

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

function of PTH

increases blood calcium levels

pineal gland

secretes melatonin

pineal gland gets \_______ with age

smaller

adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)

glands atop kidneys

adrenal cortex

secretes corticosteroids (lipid-based steroid hormones)

Mineralocorticoids (like Aldosterone)

regulates Na and K

Glucocorticoids (like cortisol)

regulates sugar

adrenal medulla (inner central core)

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal cortex regulates (3)

salt, sugar, and sex)

postganglionic axon

enters spinal nerves using grayramus

pancreas exocrine function

acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes

pancreas endocrine function

secretion of insulin and glucagon by pancreatic islet cells

endocrine cells of pancreas

pancreatic islets

alpha cells

secrete glucagon

beta cells

secrete insulin

thymus gets \______ with age

smaller

Thymus

Hormones stimulate maturation of lymphocytes

Hyperplasia of the thymus may be associated with

Myasthenia gravis

gonads produce what

steroid sex hormones

testes produce

androgens, testosterone, sperm, etc

ovaries produce

estrogen and progesterone

GI tract endocrine cells

hormone-secreting cells scattered throughout liningepithelium and glands

Placenta

secretes steroid and protein hormones

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

pregnancy hormone, higher \= pregnant or cancer

heart endocrine function

secretes ANH

Kidney endocrine functions

Renin: regulation of blood pressure and kidney function and Erythropoietin: regulation of RBC production

skin endocrine function

vitamin D, absorbs calcium

END OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FLASHCARDS

END OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FLASHCARDS

Circulatory system two components

Cardiovascular system and lymphatic system