Psychopathology

Schizophrenia

Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized speech, Disorganized behavior

delusions of persecution

the belief that people are out to get you

delusions of grandeur (megalomania)

you think youre really powerful or a god

delusions of control

believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by other people (aliens)

delusions of romance

believing that someone is in love with you (celeb)

delusions of reference

a billboard or something in a movie is directed towards you, "the president is speaking directly to me"

auditory hallucinations

hearing voices, noises, music, or sounds that are not actually real

visual hallucinations

Seeing objects, people, or things that do not actually exist

tactile hallucinations

n someone experiences some perception related to touch when it is not really there (spiders)

inappropriate affect

Display of emotions that are unsuited to the situation; a symptom of schizophrenia.

loose associations (derailment)

in schizophrenia, an aspect of disorganized thinking wherein the patient has difficulty sticking to one topic and drifts off on a train of associations evoked by an idea from the past

Tangentiality

drawing conclusions that do not follow from what was just said

incoherence

word salad, sounds coming out but not real words

catatonic immobility

Disturbance of motor behavior in which the person remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward posture, for extended periods. Physical situation in which they dont move or interact with the outside world

negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

Aviolition

loss of energy or interest, loss of will to live or keep up appearances

Alogia

poverty of speech

flat affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness

Anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure

concordance rate

indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder

concordance rate identical twins for schizophrenia

46-48 percent

Schizophrenia biochemical imbalance

excess dopamine and serotonin, oversensitive D2 receptors in prefrontal cortex

Schizophrenia brain lesions

less brain activity, less gray matter in prefrontal cortex, enlarged ventricles, dysfunctional interconnectivity

psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

"schizophrenogenic mother"

myth that a child having schizophrenia was the mothers fault

expressed emotion

a measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional over involvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder. adverse family environment

double bind communication

according to an obsolete, unsupported theory, the practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought to cause schizophrenia

frontal lobotomy

a surgical procedure in which a large portion of the frontal lobe is separated from the rest of the brain. 1930-50s

antipsychotic medications

Prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatment of schizophrenia; also called neuroleptics.

extrapyramidal (parkinsonian) symptoms

side effects such as restlessness, involuntary movements, and muscular tension produced by antipsychotic medications

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

milieu therapy

Psychotherapy

social skills training, hallucination reinterpertation

mileu therapy

safe, structured group setting, naturalistic approach

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

amnestic phase

failure of working memory (lose cognitive function but not physical)

Dyscalculia

inability to do math in head

Apraxia

inability to preform learned behaviors - hand eye coordination

Confusion phase

disorientation and personality changes

dysphasia

cant start convo, poor speech generation

agnoisa

inability to recognize objects visually, auditorily, or with other senses

dementia phase

withdrawal, shutdown of basic biological functions

early onset alzheimers

heritability, before 60

anticipatory grief

grief experienced prior to a loss

ambiguous loss

Physically present but psychologically absent

disenfranchised grief

when people surrounding them do not validate or acknowledge the anticipatory mourning and ambiguous losses that they are under going

"keeping things balanced"

third - balance between caregiving and lives before the disease hit the loved one

"whats going on here"

first -noticing and suspencting and confirming emergence of problems

"our life is changing"

vigilance toward ongoing changes

ADHD

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

ADHD gender breakdown

much more common in boys, underdiagnosis in girls

ADHD risk factors

family dysfunction, genetics, mother who smoked in pregnancy, under activity of prefrontal cortext

ADHD Inattention

seen in classroom settings, no attention to details, distracted, forgetful, trouble following instructions and organizing work

ADHD Hyperactivity and Impulsivity

Fidgets with or taps hands or feet, or squirms in seat, Leaves seat in situations that otherwise require staying in place, Feels restless, Unable to play or take part in leisure activities quietly, Unable to be or comfortable being still for extended time, Talks excessively, Blurts out an answer before a question has been completed, Has trouble waiting his or her turn, Interrupts or intrudes on others.

ADHD in adults

inattention and impulsivity remain

ADHD DSM-5 Criteria

-Inattention and/or hyperactivity that interferes with functioning or development

-6+ symptoms

-Before age 12

-Present in 2+ settings

-Clear evidence of impairment

Hyperkinetic disorder ICD

early to mid childhood

conduct disorder

patterns of behavior in which the rights of others or basic social rules are violated. Agresssion to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, serious violation of rules

Aggression to people and animals

1. Often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others.

2. Often initiates physical fights.

3. Has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others (e.g., a bat, brick, broken bottle, knife, gun).

4. Has been physically cruel to people.

5. Has been physically cruel to animals.

6. Has stolen while confronting a victim (e.g., mugging, purse snatching, extortion, armed robbery).

7. Has forced someone into sexual activity.

destruction of property

-has deliberately engaged in fire setting with the intention of causing serious damage

-has deliberately destroyed others' property (other than by fire setting)

deceitfulness or theft

10. Has broken into someone else's house, building, or car.

11. Often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations (i.e., "cons" others).

12. Has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim (e.g., shoplifting, but without breaking and entering: forgery).

serious violation of rules

13. often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions

14. has run away from home at least twice

15. is often traunt from school

Autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of minda

Autism diagnostic features

social use of nonverbal/verbal communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior

social- emotional reciprocity

empathy

nonverbal communication

cues, ex- when someone in done talking

joint attention

the ability to focus on what another person is focused on, back and forth

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. ability to take anothers perspective

restricted and repetitive behaviors

1. stereotyped/repetive movemnts, speech or use of objects

2. insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines

3. restricted, fixated interested

4. hyper to sensory input

Echolalia

automatic and immediate repetition of what others say

Autism biological causes

1. association with other genetically

2. usually both twins have autism

3. old father age

4. birth complications

5. enlarged brain volume

gender dysphoria

the condition of feeling one's emotional and psychological identity as male or female to be opposite to one's biological sex.

Sex vs. Gender

Sex is biological, gender is social

Transsexualism

another term for gender dysphoria commonly used to describe the condition when it occurs in adolescents and adults

gender incongruence

physical sexual identity is different than psychological identity

gender detransition

when a person who has transitioned to a new gender returns to live as the gender assigned at birth

Confidentiality

the act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals

privledged communication

confidential information that a physician has received by the patient.