juvenile final exam

A philosophical viewpoint that encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to children is called the \___.

best interest of the child

Young people who are extremely vulnerable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality are referred to as \___.

at-risk youth

A family style wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercises complete control over his wife and children is called \____.

paternalistic

\___ is the third leading cause of death among young people ages 15-24 in the US.

suicide

Early English jurisprudence held that children under the age of \___ were legally incapable of committing crimes.

7

Most states define "minor child" as an individual who falls under a statutory age limit, most commonly \____ or \____ years of age.

17 or 18

Which of the following sentencing goals, best describes the juvenile justice systems philosophical approach to dealing with adolescent offenders?

rehabilitation

The Latin phrase parens patriae was the first used to refer to the \___.

role of the king as the father of his country

Status offenses refer to \___.

illegal actions committed by juveniles that would not be considered illegal if perpetrated by an adult

A waiver is defined as \___.

the transferring of legal jurisdiction of juveniles from the juvenile to the adult court

The tendency for youths to reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they become older is called the \___.

aging-out process

19th century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system were referred to as the \___.

child savers

Researchers have found that curfew laws along with aggressive curfew and truancy enforcement, appeared to reduce \___.

violent gang crimes

Teenage birthrates have \___ substantially during the past decade.

decreased

Toward the close of the 18th century, the work of such philosophers as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke launched a new age, the \___, for childhood and the family.

enlightenment

As a class, adolescents are considered less responsible for their behavior than adults because \___.

all of the above

Youths involved in multiple serious criminal actions, referred to as \___, are now recognized as serious social problems.

habitual offenders

In early America laws were passed that required children to obey their parents, these laws were known as \____.

stubborn child laws

The textbook gives several reasons why few child abuse cases were never prosecuted in the early American colonies. Which of the following is not one of those reaons?

the law required at least two witnesses of the abuse to testify for a conviction

According to the text, a sudden increase in \___ may be an indicator of future increase in the rate of delinquency.

drug use

When the UCR indicates that the murder rate was 5.8 in 2009, this means that almost 6 people in ever \___ were murdered between January 1 and December 31, 2009.

100,000

Juvenile violent crime arrests typically peak at age \___.

18

The \___ study is considered the national standard to measure substance abuse trends among American teens.

monitoring the future

Chronic juvenile offenders have an \___ percent chance of becoming adult offenders.

80

Which of the following is generally true about teenage victimization?

all of the above

Which of the following is a potential problem with self-report surveys?

a and b

Which of the following is a Part 1 crime in UCR?

kidnapping

According to the text, experts rely on what three primary sources of data to find out about the nature and extent of delinquency?

self-report surveys, victim surveys, official records

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is compiled by the \____.

FBI

An advantage that NIBRS has over the UCR is \___.

it can track all of the crimes that occur within a single incident

Efforts to chart \___ will have a major influence on both theory and policy.

life cycle of crimes and delinquency

To conduct \___ research, researches manipulate or intervene in the lives of their subjects to see the outcome or the effect of the intervention. This form of research works to understand the effects of one specific variable on another.

experimental

Delinquency rates are correlated with the number of \___ mothers in the population.

unwed

\___ refers to the idea that chronic juvenile offenders are likely to continue violating the law as adult.

continuity of crime

Regardless of race, sex, social class, intelligence, or any other social variable, people commit less crime as they age; this is referred to as \____.

aging out

Studies show that \____ adolescents have the highest rate for sexual assault victimization.

African American

Young girls are much more likely to be the victim of \____.

sexual assualt

Based on what we have learned from self-report surveys, the Dark Figure of Crime is substantially \___ than what we have known or than what is reported.

larger

\___ holds that decisions to violate the law are weighed against possible punishments; to deter crime the pain of punishment must outweigh the benefits of legal gain.

classical criminology

The view that both thought and behavior have biological and social bases is called \___.

biosocial theory

The writings of \___ formed the core of what is referred to today as classical criminology.

cesare beccaria

The view that crime is a "normal" function of modern living; offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not protected by capable guardians is \___.

routine activities theory

\___ links delinquency to biological and psychological characteristics that control human development.

trait theory

\___ is a personality trait marked by anxiety, tension, and emotional instability.

neuroticism

\___ can be defined as the reasonably stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts and emotions, that distinguish one person from another.

personality

Violent crimes against people, and crimes in which an offender attempts to steal an object directly from its holder are called \___.

predatory crime

Lombroso's idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically similar to our primitive ancestors is called \___.

criminal atavism

The view that behavior is modeled through observation, either directly through intimate contact with others, or indirectly through media is referred to as \___.

social learning theory

\___ theory holds that youth will engage in criminal and delinquent behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their behavior.

choice

Putting unbreakable glass on storefronts is an example of \___.

target-hardening

The argument that the more severe, certain, and swift the punishment the greater effect it will have is one referred to as \___.

deterrence

\___ theory holds that the more severely young offenders are punished the less likely they are to repeat their illegal acts.

specific deterrence

The \___ theory holds that low intelligence is generally determined and inherited.

nature

A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties by punishing an individual so that others do not commit crime is called \___.

general deterrence

When looking at deterrence and delinquency, focusing police activity on \___ seems to work best.

particular problems

\___ assumes that the frustration experienced by a child with a learning disability leads to negative self-image and acting out problems.

school failure rationale

Delinquency experts who believe that aggression is a function of the level of an individual's need(s) for stimulation are called \___.

arousal theorists

\___ theories view delinquency as the result of a person's interaction with critical elements of socilization.

social process

Viewing stealing as borrowing or considering vandalism to be mischief that has gotten out of hand are examples of \____.

neutralization techniques

Clifford Shaw and Henry mcKay formulated the \___ theory in the early 20th century while mapping the delinquency rates in Chicago.

social disorganization

\____ suggests that adolescents learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close and intimate relationships with delinquent peers.

social learning

A concept through which youth are able to utilize their wits to avoid violent confrontation and feel safe is known as \____.

street efficacy

Which theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they can use to legally obtain them?

strain theory

According to Travis Hirschi, \___ ties a person to the institutions and processes of society; elements of this cohesiveness include attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

social bond

Which of the following is not one of the three branches of social structure theory?

social process theories

The ability of communities to regulate the behavior of their residents through the influence of community institutions, such as the family and school, is called \___.

collective efficacy

According to Walter Miller, the value orientation of the lower-class culture that is characterized by a need for excitement, trouble, smartness, fate, and personal autonomy that dominates life among the lower class is called \____?

focal concerns

Which of the following is not one of the four elements of socialization?

employment

The centerpiece of the Cloward and Ohlin's theory is the concept of \____. In this theory, the opportunity for both the successful conventional means, and delinquent means, are limited.

differential opportunity

According to social disorganization theory, delinquency rates are highest in the \___.

transitional neighborhoods

Some community residents become so suspicious of authority that they develop a \___ in which the outside world is the enemy out to destroy the neighborhood.

siege mentality

\____ theories hold that a delinquency is a function of a person's economic status and cultural values.

social structure

Who coined the term anomie?

emile durkheim

Sociologist Oscar Lewis coined the phrase \___ to describe the challenges faced by the urban poor.

culture of poverty

Another term for anomie is \___.

normlessness

\____ deviance involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten.

primary

Peacemaking techniques in which offenders, victims, and other community members are brought together in an effort to formulate a sanction that addresses the needs of all are referred to as \___.

sentencing circles

Going to court and being scolded by a judge would be an example of \____.

a degradation ceremony

The reassessment of a person's past to fit a current generalized label is referred to as a \____.

retrospective reading

\_____ views delinquency as a normal response and function of capitalism and the inequalities it creates.

conflict theory

Techniques used to allow offenders to understand and recognize their wrongdoing and shame themselves are referred to as \_____.

reintegrative shaming

Which of the following is a criticism of labeling theory

it cannot specify what conditions must exist before an act or an individual is labeled deviant

The roots of social reaction theory can be found in a branch of sociology known as \___.

symbolic interaction

Using humanistic, non-punitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony is referred to as \____.

restorative justice

Social reaction theory is also commonly called \____ theory.

labeling

According to \___ theory, society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing youths and encouraging them to accept this negative personal identity.

labeling

Which of the following is/are potential negative consequences of labeling?

all of the above

\___, the public identity of an offender is transformed in a solemn process during which the targeted person is thrust outside the social mainstream.

degradation ceremonies

\___ deviance occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label.

secondary

\___ theory emphasizes that those with money and power use and shape the law to meet their needs and maintain their interests.

social conflict

\____ is the process of creating a global economy through transnational markets, political, and legal systems.

globalization

The terms social conflict theory, conflict theory, and \___ theory are interchangeable.

social control

Removing juveniles from adults jails and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigmatization attached to jails and prisons is called \____.

deinstitutionalization

the view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics is called \____.

life-course theory

The Glueck's research focused on \____ as a forerunner of a delinquent career.

early onset of delinquency

This developmental theory posits that there is more than one path to a delinquent career.

trajectory theory

A cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment, as well as delinquency is called \____?

problem behavior syndrome

The \___ to delinquent deviance begins at an early age with stubborn behavior, which leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.

authority conflict pathway

The \____ to a delinquent career begins with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage, and eventually escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud.

covert pathway

An offender who follows the most common delinquent trajectory in which antisocial behavior peaks in adolescence and then diminishes is called a/an \___.

adolescent-limited