Anatomy

Articulation

A point of contact between 2 or more bones, between bone and cartilage, or between teeth and bone

Synovial Cavity

The space or joint cavity filled with synovial fluid and found between articulating bones

Fibrous Joint

Structural classification of a joint that has no synovial cavity, and the bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue

Cartilaginous Joint

Structural classification of a joint that has no synovial cavity and the bones are held toegether by cartilage

Synovial Joint

A joint that has a synovial cavity and the articulating bones are united by an articular capsule and accessory ligaments

Synarthrosis

A functional classification for an immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis

A functional classification for a semi-movable joint

Diarthrosis

A functional classification for a freely movable joint

Suture

A synarthrosis joint that is found between the bones of a skull

Gomphosis

A synarthrosis joint that is found between the teeth and bone

Synchondrosis

A synarthrosis joint that has hyaline cartilage as the connecting material (such as the growth plate of the bone)

Syndesmosis

An amphiarthrosis joint that has more fibrous tissue than a suture, but not as good as a fit as a suture

Symphysis

An amphiarthrosis joint that is fitted with a piece of broad, flat fibrocartilage

Articular Cartilage

The hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in the joint

Articular Capsule

The capsule that surrounds the entire joint and synovial cavity and unites the bones

Fibrous Capsule

The outer layer of the articular capsule upon which the ligaments of the joint connects; it is made of dense irregular connective tissue

Synovial Membrane

The inner layer of the articular capsule made of areolar connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid

Synovial Fluid

Fluid that fills the synovial cavity and provide lubrication and nutrients for the joint

Bursae

Sac-like structures found in a joint that help to absorb shock and reduce friction

Gliding Joint - Description

A diarthrosis joint that has a flat articulating surface which provides a back & forth and side to side motion

Gliding Joint - Examples

Carpals, Tarsals, Sternum & clavicle

Hinge Joint - Description

A diarthrosis joint that has a convex surface of one bone that fits into a concave surface of a second bone, allowing for flexion and extension

Hinge Joint - Examples

Elbow, knee, fingers, toes

Pivot Joint - Description

A diarthrosis joint that has a rounded/pointed surface of a bone that articulates witha ring formed by either bones or ligaments, producing a rotational movement

Pivot Joint - Examples

Atlas & axis of the neck; Proximal end of the radius & ulna

Condyloid Joint - Description

A diarthosis joint that has an oval-shaped surface that fits into a depression of a 2nd bone

Condyloid Joint - Example

The Radius with the Scaphoid & Lunate or the Tibia with the Talus

Saddle Joint - Description

A diarthrosis joint that has an articular surface where one surface has the shape of a saddle, and the other has the shape of the legs of a horseback rider; it produces a side-to-side and back & forth movement

Saddle Joint - Example

Trapezium & 1st Metacarpal

Ball & Socket Joint - Description

A diarthrosis joint that has a ball-like surface on one bone which fits into a cup-like depression on a 2nd bone

Ball & Socket Joint - Examples

Shoulder, Hip

Kidney

organ that removes urea

Urinary Bladder

hollow

Urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Ureter

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Peritubular Capillaries

The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney

Glomerulus

small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of blood takes place

Bowman's capsule

cup-shaped strucuture of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.

Renal Tubule

microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

Collecting duct

the location in the kidney where processed filtrate

proximal convoluted tubule

first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water

Loop of Henle (nephron loop)

waste products are actively secreted into filtrate from blood

distal convoluted tubule

a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system.

afferent arteriole

The small artery that carries blood toward the capillaries of the glomerulus (larger diameter).

efferent arteriole

The small artery that carries blood away from the capillaries of the glomerulus (smaller diameter)

urinary tract infection (UTI)

invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract

kidney stones (renal calculi)

clumping together of calcium phosphate crystals

dialysis

a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function

renal artery

an artery originating from the abdominal aorta and supplying the kidneys and adrenal glands and ureters

renal filtration

Renal filtration occurs when blood pressure forces water and small solute molecules through pores of the glomerulus capillaries.

Renal absorption

The movement of a substances (glucose

urinary retention

abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate

pH of urine

4.6-8.0

Sources of water intake

ingested foods and fluids

Sources of water loss

urine

Hypothalamus

part of the brain responsible for regulating water

ADH and aldosterone

hormones that regulate urine volume

functions of digestive system

digestion

mastication

the process of chewing

incisors

Sharp front teeth that cut food

cuspids

Canines

bicuspids

premolars for crushing

molars

Back teeth that grind food

salivary glands

glands of the mouth that produce saliva

palate

the upper surface of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities

uvula

a small pendant fleshy lobe at the back of the soft palate

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

esophagus

muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach

stomach

an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal

digestive enzymes

proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances

how long does it take for the stomach to empty?

4-6 hours after a meal

enteroendocrine glands

Secrete hormone

parietal cells

Cells found in gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid (for hydrolysis of ingested food) and gastric intrinsic factor (for absorption of vitamin B-12).

pepsinogen

precursor of pepsin

alkaline mucus

Coats the lining of the stomach

rennin

an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice coagulates milk

duodenum

first part of small intestines

jejunum

Second part of the small intestine

ileum

Third part of the small intestine

villi

tiny

pancreas

located partially behind the stomach in the abdomen

pancreatic enzymes

digestive proteins found in pancreatic secretions that breakdown all organic nutrients

liver

organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood

bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles stored in gall bladder

gallbladder

a muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

large intestine

the last section of the digestive system

chyme

a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum

cecum

first part of the large intestine

ascending colon

portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum

transverse colon

Part of the large intestine that passes horizontally across the abdomen

descending colon

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

sigmoid colon

portion of the colon (resembling an "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum

rectum

the terminal section of the alimentary canal

anus

A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body

ingestion

the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating)

digestion

the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body

secretion

the organic process of synthesizing and releasing some substance

absorption

the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion

excretion

the process by which wastes are removed from the body

Spermatogenesis product

4 functional gametes