Unit 1 Biology Exam

The properties of life common to all living things

Energy and matter processing, reproduction, growth and development, response to the environment, and ability to evolve

Hierarchical Levels of Organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Biological Levels of Organization

Atom, Molecule, Compound, Organelle, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, Organisms

Smallest unit of life

cell

Highest level of classification

Domain

Which data is observational

qualitative

A thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for observations

Scientific Theory

Prokaryotic Cells

small, simple, bacterial cells with no organelles and is unicellular

Eukaryotic Cells

large, complex, animal/plant cells with a nucleus and is unicellular or multicellular

Organelles specific to plant cells

cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole

Nucelus

Control center of the cell, houses DNA

plasma membrane

in animal cells, the bouncer

Mitochondria

powerhouse, do cellular respiration, in plant cells

Golgi apparatus

post office, receives, refines, and ships out cellular products

RER

rough ER - ER with ribosomes attached (makes proteins)

SER

smooth ER - no ribosomes (makes lipids)

Cell wall

strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in plant cells

Cholorplast

converts light energy into food during photosynthesis, found only in plant cells

Lysosomes

digestive enzymes used for destroying, recycler

Ribosomes

makes proteins, can be free floating or attached to ER

selectively permeable

picks and chooses what can come through

Passive Transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels (high to low)

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane; using energy to move something into the cell

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Water is the universal

solvent

Solvent

dissolving agent (usually water)

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution (usually salt/sugar)

Water follows

the solute

Hypotonic

more solute inside the cell

Hypertonic

more solute outside the cell

isotonic

equal solute in and out

hypotonic animal cell

burst

hypertonic animal cells

shriveled

isotonic animal cell

normal

hypotoninc plant cell

turgid *ideal*

hypertonic plant cell

plasmolyzed

isotonic plant cell

flaccid

Why is changing the shape of a protein such a serious thing?

Because it changes the function.

Which organ is responsible for absorbing nutrients?

small intestine

What is the purpose of dehydration synthesis reaction?

To build a polymer by taking away water

Diabetes

a condition characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from the body' inability to use blood glucose for energy.

The two hormones that regulate the amount of glucose in the blood

insulin and glucagon

insulin and glucagon are made by

the pancreas

Stimulus of rising blood sugar:

pancreas releases insulin, body cells take up glucose and liver stores glucose as glycogen, blood glucose level falls

Stimulus of declining blood sugar:

pancreas releases glucagon, liver breaks down glycogen, blood sugar will rise

Signs/symptoms of diabetes

Frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained wt loss, extreme hunger, visual changes, sensory changes (tingling/numbness in feet/hands), fatigue, dry skin, slow healing wounds, inc. rate of infections

Health effects of diabetes

kidney, neurological, and cardiovascular damage, damage to the eyes, neuropathy (numbness in feet), ultimately fatal

What is the function of the endocrine system?

making hormones that control body processes

What is the largest endocrine gland?

pancreas

Hormones

a chemical messenger

Pancreas

Regulates blood glucose levels by releasing hormones

Type 1 diabetes

the pancreas does not produce insulin, requires regular injections of insulin

Type 2 diabetes

body cells do not response properly to insulin, exercise, diet, and medication are used as treatment

Gestational diabetes

develops during pregnancy with an unknown cause

What are 3 ways to diagnose diabetes?

1. A1c test
2. fasting plasma glucose test
3. oral glucose tolerance test

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

utilize glucose in the body to release the chemical ENERGY stored in sugars, produce ATP

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Cellular respiration is performed in

the mitocondria

What is requires to burn/break down sugar for cellular respiration?

oxygen

How can diabetes impact cellular respiration?

Not getting glucose from the body, the body cells will not do CR directly (it will have to put in more work)

Fermentation

anaerobic process by which ATP is produced by glycolysis, no oxygen present

Two types of fermentation are:

lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation

Why do our cells benefit more from CR rather than fermentation?

CR provides more energy because it has higher glucose levels than fermentation

What is the function of the immune system?

defend against infection (internal and external)

Bodies 1st defense line:

everything physical: skin, hair, mucus membranes, saliva

Bodies 2nd defense line:

inflammation, fever, natural killer cells and phagocytic cells

Bodies 3rd line of defense:

B and T cells aka lymphocytes

B cells:

produce antibodies (tag bad things)

T cells:

directly kill antibodies

The relationship between an autoimmune disease and Type 1 diabetes

T and B cells attack the insulin - producing cells in the pancreas

List the levels of organization of the body beginning with the cells

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Epithelial tissue

sheets of tightly packed cells that are fused together, release secretions such as oil, lines blood vessels and organs, continuously fall and are renewed.

Epitheal tissue

protection, secretion, absorption

Connective tissue

consists of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix (consists of protein and fibers), binds to and provides support for other tissue, and are cushions for organs

Muscle tissue

consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals

three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Nervous tissue

communicates signals between your brain and the rest of your body, alcohol and drugs lower function

6 types of connective tissue

Loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood

What is the function of the integumentary system?

prevents infection and dehydration, and regulates body temperature; consists of organs such as skin, hair, and nails

negative feedback

where the results of a process inhibit that very process, such as sweating when hot and shivering when cold

what is the function of the respiratory system?

gas exchange of O2 (in) and CO2 (out)

list the flow of air through the respiratory system:

nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli

what organ controls lung function (your breath in/out)?

diaphragm

Where is the actual site of gas exchange?

alveoli

What is the function of the circulatory system?

transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells and removes waste products.

The flow of blood through the circulatory system:

right atria, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atria, left ventricle, aorta

Arteries

carry blood AWAY from the heart

Veins

carry blood TO the heart

capillaries

join arterioles to venules

Blood is made up of

plasma (liquid) 55%
blood cells (solid) 45%

Red blood cells

carries oxygen, short lived, constantly remade

White blood cells

fighting infections, long lived, live longer than RBC

platelets

blood clotting

role of hemoglobin

The molecule that *delivers oxygen to the tissues*, made of 4 protein chains

role of iron

binds with oxygen and carries it throughout the blood

What is the purpose of the SA node in the heart

pacemaker; right atrea that sets the rhythm of the heart beta