study final

16 amendment

congress has power to impose a tax on people's income

17th amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

18th amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

19th amendment

Gave women the right to vote ( white women)

Haymarket

The protest become a international symbol for the struggle for workers rights. The name given to the strike, rally, and bombing that took place around Haymarket Square in Chicago in May 1886 as well as to the subsequent executions of four leaders of the incident

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Pullman Strike

Strike over a car company! in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

City of Greater New York

Greater New York or Greater New York City may refer to: The statistical New York metropolitan area consisting of New York City and surrounding counties of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania.

Max Weber

German sociologist that regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity's greatest achievement. Saw bureaucratization (the process whereby labor is divided into an organized community and individuals acquire a sense of personal identity by finding roles for themselves in large systems) as the driving force in modern society.

Fredrick Winslow Taylor

He discovered the scientific management system, which was a way of organizing people in the most efficient manner.

Traingle Shirtwaist Fire

crowded conditions,lack of workplace safety laws, negligent owners, and an ill-prepared fire deparment combined.

How the other half lives

A book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black person to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged other black people to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Federal reserve

the central bank of the United States

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

The Great War

name originally given to the First World War (1914-1918).

Sarajevo

Capital of Bosnia, The Assassination in Sarajevo, during which a young Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, on their visit to the city, started a chain of events that would lead to World War I.

Siegfried Sassoon

poet known for angry and compassionate poems abt WWI

Wilfred Owen

great British war poet known for being the author of "Dulce et Decorum Est"

The Armory Show

1913 - The first art show in the U.S., organized by the Ashcan School. Was most Americans first exposure to European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, and caused a modernist revolution in American art.

the Rite of Spring Riot

The Rite of Spring is a ballet and orchestral concert by Igor Stravinsky. Premiered in Paris, the music seemed to annoy people; a shout went up in the gallery and fights erupted. The music was inharmonic and the audience almost immediately started to boo. The topic of the ballet is that a young girl is forced to dance to death; over intermission, audience members began to argue about their opinions of the ballet and cops were called. When the ballet resumed, the riot went on.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

Verdun

A battle in WWI. Is considered some of the bloodiest fighting in WWI and the German offense was stopped; offensive battle on the western front initiated by Germany in which they hoped to crush France and taken them out of the war, however France was in a very good defensive position and French held it for 10 months. Nearly a million killed. French drew reserve troops from the Somme to help defend. No territory was gained; Battle in WWI that ended in massive casualties and had little direct result

The Somme

A five-month offensive between July and November 1916 in the Somme river area in France. It began with a massive week-long British artillery barrage that proved futile, since the Germans just sheltered in their dug-outs until the shelling stopped, then machine-gunned waves of British troops who were crossing no-man's land. On the first day alone the British lost 60,000 men. The battle ended in a stalemate, after torrential rain turned the trenches into a quagmire. There were more than 650,000 casualties on both sides, and although British had relieved the French at Verdun, they had only advanced about five miles.

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Bernard Baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

Ottoman Empire

Central Powers member during WWI. A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting

Versailles Treaty

The compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it.

All Quiet on the western front

(1929) a novel written by Erich Maria Remarque illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's.

Red Scare

A period of general fear of communists

Sacco and Vanzetti

In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly. About three weeks later, Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with the crime. Their trial aroused intense controversy because it was widely believed that the evidence against the men was flimsy, and that they were being prosecuted for their immigrant background and their radical political beliefs.

Eugenics

racist science dealing with 'improving' hereditary qualities through hating disabled people

Buck v. Bell

(1927), was the United States Supreme Court ruling that upheld a statute instituting compulsory sterilization of the unfit, including the mentally retarded, "for the protection and health of the state." It was largely seen as an endorsement of negative eugenics—the attempt to improve the human race by eliminating "defectives" from the gene pool.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

The Great Gatsby

A novel depicting the picturesque idea of the self made American man and entrepreneur who rose from obscurity. was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Smooth-Hawley Tariff

1930s The Smoot-Hawley Act was created to protect U.S. farmers and other industries from foreign competitors during the Great Depression. The Smoot-Hawley Act increased tariffs on foreign imports to the U.S. by about 20%

Stock Market Crash

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

The Grapes of Wrath

John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

National Labor Relations Act

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

National Industrial Recovery Act

permitted all workers to join unions of their choice, allowed workers to bargain collectively for wage increases and benefits, allowed workers to go on strike to try to force employers to meet their demands

Schechter brothers poultry Company V The United States

By unanimous vote, the court held that Congress had exceeded its authority by delegating too much legislative power to the president and industrial groups. It also found that NIRA's "codes of fair practice" went beyond the regulation of interstate commerce in attempting to control intrastate activity. In an opinion authored by Chief Justice Hughes, the unanimous Court held that the Act was "without precedent" and was an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority. The President cannot be allowed to have unbridled control to make whatever laws he believes to be necessary to achieve a certain goal.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Facists

Italian political party that supported Mussolini's dictatorship

Adolph Hitler

german leader of Nazi Party. 1933-1945. rose to power by promoting racist and national views

Nazis

Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.

Josef Stalin

dictator of the Soviet Union, turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state

Communists

people who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Wansee Conference

Held in Berlin in 1942; purpose was to inform senior Nazis and governmental administrators of plans for the "final solution to the Jewish question"

Aushwitz

largest Nazi death camp

The Holocaust

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Bretton Woods

Representatives from 44 countries met in New Hampshire to design a new international monetary system; resulted in the establishment of the IMF and the World Bank.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms.

25th Amendment

In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

Polio Vaccine

created by Dr. Jonas Salk. worked by introducing killed or weak pieces of the virus to allow body to develop antibodies thus preventing polio

Jonas Salk

Developed the polio vaccine in 1952

DDT

an insecticide that is also toxic to animals and humans

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Yuri Gagarin

First man in space

Neil Armstrong

first man to walk on the moon

Levittown

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.

The big Bang

The initial explosion that resulted in the formation and expansion of the universe

Brown v Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Civil Rights movement

movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens

Frances Kelsey

blocked the approval of Thalidomide into the American markets

Selma

King organized this major demonstration in Alabama to press for the right of blacks to register to vote. Selma sheriff led local police in a televised brutal attack on demonstrators. Two northern white marchers were murdered, and the outrage that came after helped LBJ pass the Civil Rights Act of 1965.