BSC TEST #3

Population

a group of organisms of a single species occupying a particular area at the same time.

Gene Pool

**Various alleles at all the gene loci in all individuals make this up of the population**

Allele frequency

the percentage of each allele in a populations gene pool

Assortative mating

Individuals select mates with the same phenotype with respect to a certain characteristic

microevolution

pertains to evolutionary changes within populations

population genetics

the study of this diversity in terms of allele differences

Hardy-Weinberg equation

Used to calculate genetic variation of a population at equillibrium

What are the requirements for the equilibrium to occur in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

*Allele frequencies in a population will remain constant assuming*

No Mutations

No Gene Flow

Random Mating

No Genetic Drift

No Selection

gene flow

the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. (gene migration)

genetic drift

Changes in the allele frequencies of a population due to change rather than selection by the environment

 founder effect

a type of genetic drift, similar to a bottleneck effect, except that genetic variation is lost when a few individuals break away from a large population to found a new population

bottleneck effect

a type of genetic drift in which the loss of genetic diversity is due to natural disasters, disease, overhunting, overharvesting, or habitat loss

natural selection

the adaptation of a population to the biotic and abiotic environment

What are the types of **natural selection?**

Directional Selection, Disruptive Selection, Stabilizing Selection, Sexual Selection

Directional Selection

occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored, and the distribution curve shifts toward on eof the extremes

Disruptive Selection

found when two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over the intermediate phenotype

Stabilizing Selection

occurs when an intermediate phenotype is the most adaptive for the given environmental conditions

Sexual Selection

refers to adaptive changes in males and females that lead to an increased ability to secure a mate

Know the types of natural selections graphs

types of sexual selection

Male Choice and Female Choice

heterozygous advantage

It assists the maintenance of genetic, and therefore phenotypic, variations in future generations.

\
Individuals who are _________ have an increased level of protection against diseases such as cholera

macroevolution

Large-scale evolutionary change, such as the formation of new species.

speciation

Origin of new species due to the evolutionary process of descent with modification

What are the different types of species concpts?

Morphological, Evolutionary, Phylogenetic, and Biological

Morphological species concept

Definition of a species that defines species by specific diagnostic traits

Evolutionary species concept

Every species has its own evolutionary history, which is partly documented in the fossil record

Phylogenetic species concept

Definition of a species that is determined by analysis of a phylogenetic tree to determine a common ancestor

Biological species concept

The concept that defines species as groups of populations that have the potential to interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other groups

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

prevent mating attempts or make it unlikely that fertilization will be successful

Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms

Prevent hybrid offspring from developing or breeding

Hybrid Inviability

hybrid zygote is not viable and dies

Hybrid Sterility

hybrid zygote develops into a sterile adult

Allopatric speciation

Model that proposes that new species arise due to an interruption of gene flow between populations that are separated geographically

Sympatric speciation

Origin of new species in populations that overlap geographically

Gradualistic model

suggests that it is difficult to indicate when speciation occurred

Punctuated equilibrium model

This model states that periods of equilibrium are punctuated by speciation

Common ancestor

 Ancestor common to at least two lines of descent

Ancestral traits

Traits that are found in a common ancestor and its descendants

Derived traits

Structural, physiological, or behavioral trait that is present in a specific lineage and is not present in the common ancestor for several related lineages

Homology

Similarity of parts or organs of different organisms caused by evolutionary derivation from a corresponding part or organ in a remote ancestor, usually having a similar embryonic origin

Homologous Structures

A structure that is similar in different types of organisms because these organisms descended from a common ancestor.

Analogy

Similarity of function but not of origin.

Convergent evolution

Similarity in structure in distantly related groups generally due to similiar selective pressures in like environments.

Analogous structure

Structure that has a similar function in separate lineages but differs in anatomy and ancestry

Who is the father of taxonomy?

Carolus Linnaeus

Binomial nomenclature

Scientific name of an organism, the first part of which designates the genus and the second part of which designates the specific epithet.

Domain

Largest of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Domain Archaea

One of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that often live in extreme habitats and have unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics; its members are sometimes referred to as archaea

Domain Bacteria

One of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that differ from archaea because they have their own unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics

Domain Eukarya

One of the three domains of life, consisting of organisms with eukaryotic cells; includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Clade

Evolutionary lineage consisting of an ancestral species and all of its descendants, forming a distinct branch on a cladogram.

Phylogenic tree

a diagram indicating lines of decent, each branch is a divergence from a common ancestor and represent an organism that gives rise to two or more new groups

Sporophyte

Diploid generation of the alternation-of-generations life cycle of a plant; produces haploid spores that develop into the haploid generation

Gametophyte

Haploid generation of the alternation-of-generations life cycle of a plant; produces gametes that unite to form a diploid zygote

**Seedless vascular plant**

Collective name for club mosses (lycophytes) and ferns (pteridophytes). Characterized by windblown spores

Cones

Reproductive structure in conifers made up of scales bearing sporangia; pollen cones bear microsporangia, and seed cones bear megasporangia

Monoecious

A single plant produces both pollen (male reproductive structure) and seed cones (female reproductive structure)

What are the parts of the “circulatory system” of land plants?

Xykem, Phloem, Lignin

**Xykem**

conducts water and dissolved minerals up from roots

Phloem

conducts sucrose and other organic compounds throughout the plant

Lignin

strengthens cell walls of conducting cells in xylem.

vascular plant

they possess specialized supporting and water-conducting tissue, called xylem, and food-conducting tissue, called phloem

Gymnosperm

Type of woody seed plant in which the seeds are not enclosed by fruit and are usually borne in cones, such as those of the conifers

What are the parts of a flower?

Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Carpel

Sepals

(collectively, calyx) protect flower bud before it opens

Petals

(collectively, corolla) are used to attract a pollinator.

Stamens

consist of a filament (stalk) and anther

Carpel

is a vaselike structure with three regions: **stigma** (sticky receptor of pollen grains), **style** (elevates stigma) and **ovary** (becomes fruit).

Ovary

an enlarged base that encloses one or two ovules (become seeds).

Monocot

Flowering plant group; members have one embryonic leaf (cotyledon), parallel-veined leaves, scattered vascular bundles, flower parts in threes or multiples of three, and other characteristics

Eudicot

Flowering plant group; members have two embryonic leaves (cotyledons), net-veined leaves, vascular bundles in a ring, flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples, and other characteristics

What are the basics about the citrus industry?

The ____________ in Florida is not just about fresh oranges. It contributes greatly to the Florida economy. 

Invertebrates

Animal without a vertebral column or backbone

Vertebrates

Chordate in which the notochord is replaced by a vertebral column

Cephalization

Having a well-recognized anterior head with a brain and sensory receptors.

mesoglea

a jellylike substance

Polyp

Among cnidarians, body form that is directed upward and contains much mesoglea; in anatomy, small, abnormal growth that arises from the epithelial lining

Medusa

Among cnidarians, bell-shaped body form that is directed downward and contains much mesoglea

Nematocyst

In cnidarians, a capsule that contains a threadlike fiber, the release of which aids in the capture of prey

Nerve Net

Diffuse, noncentralized arrangement of nerve cells in cnidarians

What are the types of symmetry?

**Symmetry, Asymmetry, Radial symmetry, Bilateral symmetry**

Symmetry

A pattern of similarity that is observed in objects

Asymmetry

No particular body shape (e.g., sponge)

Radial symmetry

Two identical halves (e.g., jellyfish)

Bilateral symmetry

Definite right and left halves

Pseudocoelom

Body cavity, lying between the digestive tract and body wall, that is incompletely lined by mesoderm

Exoskeleton

Protective external skeleton, as in arthropods

Metamorphosis

Change in shape and form that some animals, such as insects, undergo during development

Tracheae

In insects, air tube located between the spiracles and the tracheoles. In tetrapod vertebrates, air tube (windpipe) that runs between the larynx and the bronchi

What are the  basic parts of an insect?

Chordates

animals with a flexible rod supporting their dorsal or back sides

Notochord

Dorsal-supporting rod located below nerve cord

**Dorsal Tubular Nerve Cord**

Protected by vertebrae

Anterior portion becomes brain in most chordates

Pharyngeal Pouches

\
Aquatic vertebrates become gills

Seen only as embryos in most vertebrates

Terrestrial vertebrates modified for various purposes

Postanal Tail

Extends beyond the anus

In humans, tail disappears in the embryo stage

Monotreme

Egg-laying mammal (e.g., duckbill platypus or spiny anteater).

Marsupial

Member of a group of mammals bearing immature young nursed in a marsupium, or pouch—for example, kangaroo and opossum

Placental mammal

Also called eutherian; species that rely on internal development whereby the fetus exchanges nutrients and wastes with its mother via a placenta

open circulatory system

Arrangement of internal transport in which the hemolymph bathes the organs directly, and there is no distinction between the hemolymph and interstitial fluid. (Grasshopper)

closed circulatory system

A type of circulatory system where blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid (Earthworm)