Chapter 11 urinary

Select all of the following that are metabolic waste products.

Urea is a waste product of

amino acid metabolism.

After ammonia is produced from amino acid breakdown, the liver quickly combines it with carbon dioxide to produce

urea

Select all common symptoms of uremia.

vomiting

Which system plays a major role in salt, water, and pH homeostasis of the blood

urinary

Ammonium, creatinine, urea, and uric acid are what type of metabolic waste?

nitrogenous

The primary nitrogenous end product of metabolism in humans is__________ which is a waste product of amino acid metabolism.

urea

The organ that converts ammonia from amino acid breakdown to the less toxic compound urea is the

liver.

The condition caused by elevated urea levels in the blood ls called

uremia

What are the major roles of the urinary system?

maintaining salt balance of the blood

Creatinine is a waste product that results from the breakdown of

creatine phosphate.

The breakdown of nucleotides produces which nitrogenous waste product?

uric acid

If uric acid levels are so high that crystals precipitate and collect in the joints, the result is a painful condition called

gout

What is uremia caused by?

high urea levels in the blood

The kidneys affect blood pressure mainly by

regulating sodium and potassium levels.

Creatine phosphate is used as an energy reserve in muscles. When broken down, creatine forms

creatinine.

The breakdown of nucleotides forms _________ acid

Uric

Gout is a painful condition that results from an accumulation of what chemical in the joints?

Uric Acid

Select all correct descriptions of the human kidneys.

humans normally have two kidneys

By regulating levels of sodium and potassium ions in the blood, the kidneys influence

blood pressure

What structure transports blood away from a kidney?

renal vein

Each human kidney is covered by a renal capsule made of

fibrous connective tissue.

The breakdown of nucleotides produces which nitrogenous waste product

uric acid

Arrange these three layers of the wall of a ureter from the innermost layer (on top) to the outermost layer (on the bottom).

Mucosa

The kidneys lie in depressions posterior to the

peritoneum.

The main function of the urinary bladder is to

store urine

A renal ________ delivers blood to the kidney for filtration.

artery

Each human kidney is covered by a layer of fibrous connective tissue called the renal

capsule

Urine passes out of a kidney and through a _________ on its way to the urinary bladder.

ureter

Select all correct descriptions of the urinary bladder.

two ureters enter

True or false: Once the urinary bladder fills with urine, stretch receptors are activated and urination occurs involuntarily.

False

The main function of the ureters is to

transport urine

Similar to the stomach, the inner layer of the urinary bladder wall has deep folds called ________ that disappear as the bladder fills

rugae

The maximum capacity of the urinary bladder of an adult human is approximately

750-800 ml

When you decide to urinate, what will happen?

The bladder contracts.

Urine passes out of a kidney and through a _______ on its way to the urinary bladder.

ureter

The bladder wall contains how many layers of smooth muscle?

3

As urine exits the body, it passes from the urinary bladder and out via the

urethra

Urine cannot escape back into the ureter from the bladder due to the presence of

small folds of bladder mucosa.

Of the three regions of a human kidney, which is the innermost layer?

renal pelvis

True or false: Each nephron has its own blood supply.

True

Place the renal circulatory vessels in the correct order as blood would pass through them, with the vessel that brings blood into the kidney at the top.

1. Renal artery

What is the main function of the urethra?

expel urine

As it carries blood away from a glomerulus, the efferent arteriole divides and forms the _______ capillary network, which surrounds the rest of the nephron.

peritubular

The knot of capillaries in a nephron where blood is filtered is called the

glomerulus.

Blood leaves each glomerulus in which of the following?

efferent arteriole

The leader labeled "A" is pointing to the _______ convoluted tubule

proximal

In each nephron, the _______ arteriole divides to form the peritubular capillary network.

efferent

What is the glomerular capsule?

a cup-like structure composed of epithelial cells

Select all correct descriptions of the proximal convoluted tubule.

location of reabsorption

Which component of a nephron receives fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule?

loop of the nephron

Identify the component of the nephron labeled with the letter A. (Circle)

glomerulus

The closed end of a nephron forms a cuplike structure called a Bowman's or _______ capsule.

glomerular

Which component of a nephron receives the glomerular filtrate directly from the glomerular capsule?

proximal convoluted tubule

Which part of the loop of the nephron actively transports salts from the filtrate to interstitial tissues?

ascending limb

What is the first step of urine formation?

glomerular filtration

The function of the brush border in the proximal convoluted tubule is to

increase surface area

What structure in the nephron has the primary function of allowing water to diffuse into the tissue fluid surrounding the nephron?

loop of nephron

Identify the component of the nephron indicated by the letter A. (Brown tube coming from cirlcle)

proximal convoluted tubule

Select the three main processes in urine formation.

tubular reabsorption

In which part of the nephron does filtration takes place?

glomerulus

During the process of urine formation, molecules and ions are passively and actively reabsorbed from the the glomerular filtrate back into the blood of the peritubular capillary network. This is called tubular

reabsorption

Where does tubular secretion occur?

along the length of the kidney tubule

What forces filtration at the glomerular capsule?

an increase in glomerular blood pressure

True or false: Human kidneys play a limited role in overall homeostasis, mainly related to the excretion of nitrogenous wastes.

False

Select the types of nitrogenous waste that are excreted by human kidneys.

creatinine

What follows from the fact that reabsorption of salt increases the osmolarity of the blood compared with the filtrate?

Water moves passively from the tubule into the blood.

What happens during tubular secretion?

Substances are removed from blood and added to the tubular fluid.

Water channels within plasma membranes are called

aquaporins

What percentage of sodium in the glomerular filtrate is normally returned to the blood by the kidneys?

99%

How do the kidneys contribute to homeostasis?

maintain acid-base balance

The cardiovascular system carries nitrogenous wastes to the kidneys, which excrete them from the body in the fluid called

urine

Aquaporins are channels that allow _______ to travel across plasma membranes.

water

What process returns water to the blood from the filtrate?

osmosis

Ion exchange at the distal convoluted tubule is affected by the adrenal gland hormone called

aldosterone

What causes the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

decreased blood pressure

Select all of the following that describe renin.

regulated by blood pressure

regulates aldosterone

Select all of the hormones associated with kidney function.

aldosterone

The major effect of aldosterone on the kidneys is to promote

sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion excretion by the distal convoluted tubules

The _______ is a region of contact between the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule.

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Renin is an enzyme secreted by the

kidney

On the diagram highlighting the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the nephron, the structure labeled "A" is the _______ convoluted tubule. (brown hole thing under the circle thing)

distal

What happens after alcohol consumption reduces the secretion of ADH in the posterior pituitary?

a large amount of dilute urine is produced

When blood volume increases to the point that cardiac cells are stretched, the heart releases _______ natriuretic hormone.

atrial

Match the hormone with its function.

Which substance is actively transported out of the ascending limb of the loop of the nephron?

sodium chloride

What category of drug increases urinary output?

diuretic

An increase in blood osmolarity causes the hypothalamus to produce the hormone ADH, or _______ hormone.

antidiuretic

Which hormone is secreted by cardiac cells in response to high blood volume?

atrial natriuretic hormone

Water is absorbed from what part of the loop of the nephron?

descending limb

The term _______ refers to when the pH of the blood drops below normal while _______ refers to a blood pH above normal.

acidosis; alkalosis

One of the most important buffers in the blood is a combination of carbonic acid with what?

bicarbonate ions

Chemicals or drugs that increase urine production are called

diuretic

Select all of the ways in which the kidneys assist other body systems.

regulate the sodium ions and potassium ions for nerve conduction

An infection or inflammation of the urethra is called _____

urethritis

True or false: When blood pH is above 7.45 a person is said to have acidosis.

false

Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion are _______ that can maintain appropriate hydrogen ion concentration of the blood.

buffers

What hormone produced by the kidneys can be used to stimulate red blood cell production in patients in renal failure or recovering from chemotherapy?

erythropoietin

As salt concentration in the body fluid increases, osmoreceptors signal a(n) increase in the release of ADH from the posterior _______ gland.

pituitary