MIS FInal Lecture

Operating system process

Hardware, operating system, application, user

Computing hardware

Physical components of information technology, which includes the computer and its peripherals
- Storage devices
- Input devices
- Output devices

Applications

Includes desktop applications, enterprise software, utilities, and other programs that perform specific tasks for users and organizations.

Operating System (OS)

The system software that controls the way in which a computer system functions, including the management of hardware, peripherals, and software.

Embedded system

special-purpose software designed and included inside physical products

Firmware

Software that is permanently stored in a chip. The BIOS on a motherboard is an example of firmware.

Desktop application

are installed used on a personal computer computing device typically supporting tasks performed by a single user ex safari

Enterprise application

address the needs of multiple users throughout an organization work group ex SAP, oracle

CRM (Customer Relationship Management)

involves managing all aspects of a customer's relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retention and an organization's profitability

systems used to support customer-related sales and marketing activity

Supply chain management (SCM)

Systems that can help a firm manage aspects of its value chain, from the flow of raw materials into the firm, through delivery of finished products and services at the point-of-consumption.

Business intelligence (BI) system

Systems that use data created by other systems to provide reporting and analysis for organizational decision making.

Database management system (DBSM)

software for creating, maintaining, and manipulating data

Stored and retrieves the data created and used by enterprise applications

Firms with common database systems and standards benefits from increases organizational insight and decision- making capabilities

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)

a suite of applications called modules, a database, and a set of inherent processes for consolidating business operations into a single, consistent, computing platform

a system that runs everything

Service-oriented architecture (SOA)

set of web services built around an organization's processes and procedures

ex Web server, app server, database

Programming language

provides standards, syntax, statements, and instructions for writing computer software

Scripting languages

programming languages used to create scripts

ex VB script, JavaScript, Python, R

What is open-source software (OSS)?

Software that is free and where anyone can look at andpotentially modify the code

Network operators (carriers)

Act as a gatekeeper between content (app) providers and subscribers -\> took large cut in proceeds

Cloud computing

a model for enabling on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (eg servers, storage, applications) that can be rapidly provisioned with minimal service provider interactions

ex Laptops, ring doorbell

data center

A facility used to house management information systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems

virtual machine

The apparent machine that the operating system presents to the user, achieved by hiding the complexities of the hardware behind layers of operating system software.

Iaas (infrastructure)

"i need a server"

Paas (platform)

"I developed or acquired an app, i need a place to run it"

SaaS (software)

"I want access to a software app via thin client interface (web browser, turbo tax, office)"

Software stack

App, data, runtime, middleware, OS, virtualization, seerveers, storage, networking (up to bottom)

Infrastructure IaaS

virtualization, seerveers, storage, networking (the rest is you) (ex of hyper v)

PaaS

runtime, middleware, OS, virtualization, seerveers, storage, networking (windows, apple, android, linux)

SaaS

All App, data, runtime, middleware, OS, virtualization, seerveers, storage, networking (up to bottom) (office 365)

Public cloud

is made available to the general public and owned by an organization selling cloud services

Private cloud

the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization
Ex banks, CIA

Virtualization

A type of software that allows a single computer or cluster of connected computers to function as if it were several different computers

Each computer runs its own operating system and software

SaaS risks

- Depending on single vendor
Concern about king-term viability of partener firms
Reliance on a network connection which may be slower, less stable, and less secure
Limited configuration, customization, and system integration options compared to packaged software or alternatives developed in-house

Phishing/ snooping

cons executed using technology in order to acquire sensitive information or trick someone into installing malicious software

Social engineering

con games that trick employees into revealing information or performing other tasks that comprise a firm

Pretending to be someone you're not to do criminal activity

Zero-day exploits

new attacks that haven't been clearly identified and have not been incorporated into security screening systems

Methods of infecting

Viruses, worms, trojans

Viruse

infect other software or files

Worms

take advantage of security vulnerability to automatically spread

Trojans

attempt to sneak in by masquerading as something they're not

Botnets

used in click fraud and sending spam

Malicious adware

Installed without full user consent or knowledge, later serve unwanted advertisements

Spyware

monitors users actions, network traffic, or can for files

Keylogger

records user keystrokes software based or hardware based

Screen capture

Records pixels that appear on a user's screen to identify proprietary information

Card skimmer

Captures data from a card's magnetic strip

Ransomware

malware that encrypts user's files with demands that a user pay to regain control of their data and/or device

Encryption

scrambling data using a code thereby hiding those from who do not have the unlocking key

Key Code

a unique identifier placed on the response device or order form prior to mailing a promotional piece to track and measure results

unlocks encryption

Brute-force attacks

Exhausts all possible password combinations to break into an account

Database

single tab or a collection of related tabs

DSMB

Software for creating, maintaining, and manipulating data (also known as database software)

Table or file

A list of data, arranged in columns (fields) and rows (records).

Column or field

A column in a database table. Columns represent each category of data contained in a record (e.g., first name, last name, ID number, date of birth).

Row or record

A row in a database table. Records represent a single instance of whatever the table keeps track of (e.g., student, faculty, course title).

key

A \___ is the field or fields used to relate tables in a database

Big data

the collections, storage,and analysis of extremely large data, complex, and often unstructured data set used by organizations to generate insight that would me impossible to make (unstructured data raw not in a relational database)

Business intelligence(BI)

A term combining aspects of reporting, data exploration and ad hoc queries, and sophisticated data modeling and analysis.

Data Mining

The process of using computers to identify hidden patterns in, and to build models from, large datasets

Data warehouse

A set of databases to support decision-making in an organization

Data Mart

:Database or databases focused on addressing the concerns of a specific problem or business unit

Data lake

collection of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data stored in a single location

ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)

copying data from multiple, disparately organized data sources, transforming (or cleaning) the data into a common format, and loading it into a combined usable format

Query Tools

A tool to interrogate a data source or multiple sources and return a subset of data, possibly summarized, based on a set of criteria.

R

A programming language specifically created for analytics, statistical, and graphical computing

Benefits from data mastery

data leverage is at the center of competitive advantage in firms such as amazon, netflix, dell, and zara

Dynamic pricing

changing pricing based on demand conditions

Analytics

helps firm understand how valuable a customer is

Ex Switch to digital ticketing

Data

raw facts and figures

Information

data presented in a context so that it can answer a question or support decision-making

knowledge

insight derived from experience and expertise(based on data and info)

Data mining

The automated search in large databases for non-obvious patterns and relationships to anticipate events or predict outcomes

Four classes of techniques

Classification, clustering. regression, association detection

Classification

Used to retrieve important and relevant information about data and metadata this mining method helps to classify data in different types (decision trees)

Clustering

Mining tech to identify data that are like each other the process helps to understand the differences and similarities between the data

Regression

Mining method of id and analyzing the relationship between variables is used to id the likelihood of a specific variable given presence of other variables

Association detection (market basket analysis)

mining tec helps to find the association between two or more items discovers a hidden pattern in data set

Classification 2

arrange data into predefined groups

Ex class apps by low, med, high risk
Customers as"loyal" vs. "likely to terminate contract"

Differences between classifications and clustering

Classification depends on predefined categories

Clustering does not rely on being predefined categories grouped together based on self-similarity

Cluster analysis

similar records (or characteristics) are grouped together

Ex market segmentation: identify customers with similar buying behavior

Association detection

(one event is correlated to another event)
Determine which behaviors/outcomes go together

ex market basket analysis

market basket analysis

determine what things go together in a shopping cart at the supermarket

Antecedent

a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another

consequent

the outcome of the hypothetical condition in the major premise of a conditional syllogism

Confidence

at what rate consequences will be found given that antecedent has occurred P(Beer | Milk & Diaper)

Sermo

is a social network for physicians

Sock puppet

Fake online persona created to promote a particular point of view, product, or individual

Astroturfing

Engineering the posting of positive comments and reviews of a firm's product and services (or negative ones of a firm's competitors). Many ratings sites will penalize firms that offer incentives for positive feedback posts.

\_______ has become a vehicle for foreign governments and purveyors of "fake news"

Twitter

Peer production

Collaboration between users to create content, products, and services

Collaborative consumption

Participants share access to products and services, rather than having ownership

BOM

bill of materials

MRP

material requirement planning

Content adjacency

Concern that an advertisement will run near offensive material, embarrassing an advertiser and/or degrading their products or brands.

content adjacency problem

A situation where ads appear alongside text the advertiser would like to avoid.

prediction market

Polling a diverse crowd and aggregating opinions in order to form a forecast of an eventual outcome.

Short selling

selling stock borrowed from a broker that must be replaced at a later time

an attempt to profit from a falling stock price

Viral distribution

Facebook allows any developer to add a Facebook "Like" button to their site with just a few lines of HTML code. What advantage do websites leverage by integrating this feature?

software

the set of instructions that tells hardware what to do

Firmware 2

a device's control programs stored on nonvolatile memory chips.

platforms

Products and services that allow for the development and integration of software products and other complementary goods