Chp. 9 - Urinary System

ablation

the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function

acute renal failure (ARF)

has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia

anuria

the absence of urine formation by the kidneys

benign prostatis hypertrophy

an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over age 50

bladder retraining

a program of urinating on a schedule with increasingly longer time intervals

bladder ultrasound

the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination

catheterization

performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to control incontinence, or to place fluid into the bladder

chronic renal failure

the progressive loss of renal functions

computed tomography

used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system

cystalgia

pain in the urinary bladder

cystectomy

the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

cystitis

an inflammation of the bladder

cystocele

a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall; also called a fallen bladder

cystography

a radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter

cystolith

a stone located in the urinary bladder

cystopexy

the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

cystorrhaphy

the surgical suturing of the bladder

cystoscopy

the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope

dialysis

a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function

diuresis

the increased output of urine

digital rectal examination

performed on men to screen for prostate enlargement, infection, and indications of prostate cancer

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

edema

excessive fluid in the body tissues

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

refers to the late stages of chronic renal failure in which there is irreversible loss of the function of both kidneys

enuresis

the involuntary discharge of urine

epispadias

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening where in the male, the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis, and in the female the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)

the destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel

female urethra

approximately 1.5 inches long; urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina; conveys only urine

glomerulonephritis

a form of nephritis that involves primarily the glomeruli; also known as Bright's disease

glomerulus

a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule

hemodialysis

the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood to replace the function of damaged kidneys

hemolytic uremic syndrome

a condition in which hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia cause acute renal failure and possibly death

hydronephrosis

the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys

hydroureter

the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked

hyperproteinuria

the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

hypospadias

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening where in the male the urethral opening is on the under surface of the penis, and in the female the urethral opening is into the vagina

incontinence

the inability to control excretory functions

indwelling catheter

one that remains inside the body for a prolonged time

interstitial cystitis

a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

intravenous pyelogram

a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters used to diagnose changed in the urinary tract

Kegel exercises

a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence in women

Kidneys

a pair of bean-shaped organs that filter water and waste materials from the blood

KUB (Kidneys, Ureter, Bladder)

a radiographic study of these structures without the use of a contract medium

lithotomy

a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder

male urethra

approximately 8 inches long; urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis; transports both urine and semen

meatotomy

a surgical incision made in the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening

medulla

the inner region of the kidney

nephrectasis

the distention of a kidney

nephritis

an inflammation of the kidney or kidneys

nephrolith

a stone located in the kidney; also known as renal calculus or a kidney stone

nephrolithiasis

a disorder characterized by the presence of stones in the kidney

nephrolithotomy

the surgical removal of a nephrolith (kidney stone) through an incision in the kidney

nephrologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys

nephrolysis

the freeing of a kidney from adhesions

nephron

a functional unit of the kidney

nephropathy

any disease of the kidney including degenerative and inflammatory conditions

nephropexy

the surgical fixation of a floating kidney

nephroptosis

the prolapse of a kidney

nephropyosis

suppuration (formation or discharge of pus) of the kidney

nephrosis

any degenerative kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome without inflammation

nephrostomy

the establishment of an opening from the pelvis of the kidney to the exterior of the body

neurogenic bladder

a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

nocturia

excessive urination during the night

nocturnal enuresis

urinary incontinence during sleep

oliguria

scanty urination

overactive bladder (OAB)

occurs when the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is too active

paraspadias

a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on the side of the penis

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

treatment of a kidney stone that is performed with a nephroscope inserted through a small incision in the back

peritoneal dialysis

dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood

polycystic kidney disease

a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

polyuria

excessive urination

prostate gland

part of the male reproductive system and surrounds the urethra

prostatectomy

the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

blood test used to screen for prostate cancer

prostatism

the condition of having symptoms resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatis hypertrophy

pyelitis

an inflammation of the renal pelvis

pyelonephritis

an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and of the kidney

pyeloplasty

the surgical repair of the renal pelvis

pyelotomy

a surgical incision into the renal pelvis

renal

pertaining to the kidneys

renal colic

an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passing of a kidney stone

renal cortex

the outer region of the kidney

renal failure

the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions

renal pelvis

the funnel-shaped area within each kidney that is surrounded by renal cortex and medulla

renal transplantation

the grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys; a kidney transplant

retrograde urography

a radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward (backward) through the urinary tract

stone

an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body; also known as a calculus

stress incontinence

the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing

suprapubic catheterization

the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

transurethral prostatectomy

the removal of an overgrowth of tissue from the prostate gland through a resectoscope

trigone

the smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder located between the openings of the ureter and urethra

trigonitis

an inflammation of the urinary bladder that is localized in the region of the trigone

urea

the major waste product of protein metabolism

uremia

a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea is retained in the blood

ureterectasis

the distention of a ureter

ureterectomy

the surgical removal of a ureter

ureterolith

a stone located in a ureter

ureteroplasty

the surgical repair of a ureter

ureterorrhagia

the discharge of blood from the ureter

ureterorrhaphy

the surgical suturing of a ureter