biology 421 test 1

test

Characteristics of animals

motile, heterotrophs, and multicellular

characteristics of chordates

Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, and endostyle

what type of animals are chordates?

reptiles, fishes, mammals, amphibian

what are vertebrates?

a group of organisms in the phylum chordata

non-amniotes and type of vertebrae

fishes and amphibians do not have amniotic sacs

Amniotes and type of vertebrae

Birds and mammals have amniotic sacs

clade

group of organism that share common ancestry

monophyly

one common ancestor

polyphyly

many common ancestors

synapomorphy

shared trait that has changed in some way

symplesiomorphy

shared ancestral trait

3 germ layers (triploblastic)

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

endoderm

involves lining of the gut, lungs, urinary and reproductive system

ectoderm

involves skin and nervous system

mesoderm

involves lining digestive tract, coelom, and is connective tissue and bones

coelom

fluid filled body cavity

deuterostome

anus forms first

protostomes

mouth forms first

myomeres

segmented axial muscles, allow for flexibility

cranium

bones of the skull

hox genes

set of switches that turn on or off genes. uniquity comes from the amount each vertebrate has

neural crest cells

fourth germ layer that only goes in the embryos of vertebrates. forms adrenal glands and PNS

placodes

receptors associated with skin

microRNA

noncoding sequencing of RNA related to gene sequencing

tripartite

3 components of the brain: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

mineralized tissue

connective tissue incorporated in minerals

vertebrates achieve what level of biological organization?

Organ System level

number of species

about 6300 extant species

how do vertebrates compare in size to other animal groups?

largest range of animal sizes

how do vertebrates compare in behavior to other animal groups?

feeding styles

how do vertebrates compare in form to other animal groups?

their body plans evolve over time

sauropsids

reptiles like turtles, lizards and snakes

synapsids

mammals

urochordate

tunicate or sea squirt

cephalochordate

lancelets

agnathans

jawless fishes, lamprey and hagfish

bilateral symmetry

cut down the middle for exact halves

radial symmetry

symmetry around central axis

type of mineral in vertebrates and why?

hydroxyapatite, more resistant to acid

where is mineralized cartilage found ?

found in cartilaginous fishes

enamel

outer layering of teeth

cementum

connects teeth to bones

enameloid

found in cartilaginous fishes

dentine

supporting layer beneath enamel

dermal bone

derived from dense connective tissue (clavicle and cranium, exoskeleton)

endochondral bone

begins as cartilage and changes to bony tissue (every other bone, endoskeleton

chondrocranium

skull derived from cartilage

splanchnocranium

derived from pharyngeal arches

dermatocranium

jaw bones derived from dermal bone

benefits of branchiomeric muscles

jaw mobility and feeding apparatus

notochord

replaces bone in vertebrates to spinal column

branchial arches

gills

digestive system

breaks down food to absorb nutrients

extracellular digestion

secrete digestive enzymes into lumen

incomplete digestive system

one opening

complete digestive system

two openings

respiratory system

gas exchange

cutaneous respiration

gas exchange across the skin

gills are in ?

fishes and amphibians

lungs

mammals, birds, and amphibians

alveolar lung

tiny air sacs

tidal

air comes in and goes out one way

faveolar lung

air goes through tube in one direction

cardiovascular system

transportation of fluids

open system

hemolymph is transported

closed system

blood transports to capillaries

chambered hearts

mammals 4, fish 2, amphibian 3

immune system

protects from pathogens

innate immunity

skin, stomach, WBC

adaptive immunity

specific WBC, lymphocytes

Nervous system

transmit signals and communication

neurons

send and receive signals

Endocrine system

chemical signals and hormones

excretory system

filters blood and gets rid of waste

nephrons

in birds and mammals, create more concentrated urine

monoecious

having both male and female reproductive organs

dioecious

either male or female reproductive system

internal fertilization

inside the vagina or equivalent (birds, mammals, non avian reptiles)

external fertilization

outside of the female (amphibians, bony fishes)

do all vertebrates reproduce sexually?

no, parthenogenesis

viviparity

birth of alive miniature versions

oviparity

lay eggs

gnathostomes

jawed fishes

extinct agnathans

ostracoderms, they have paired fins, dermal bone and are paraphyletic

hagfish

lack vertebrae, one semicircular canal, one nostril and 5 hearts (2 acc, 1 sys, 1 caud, 1 portal

lamprey

two semicircular canals, one nostril, one sys heart

arcualia

segments of cartilage

gnathostome characteristics

paired fins, paired nostrils, true teeth, spinal cord support, jaw (bony fish, tetrapods and cartilaginous fishes)

first branchial arch

becomes maxillae and mandible

second branchial arch

becomes the hyoid bone

what was the initial function of jaws?

increase the amount of water into the mouth and increase gas exchange

placoderms

armored fish, made up of a lot of dermal bone

acanthodians

many paired fins, less dermal bone, fins associated with spine

water heat capacity and flux

heats and cools slower than air, heat flux is higher in water and heat loss is rapid

aquatic exchange with environment

aquatic organism use less energy and don’t abide by gravity

structure for gas exchange in aquatic animals

gills

what is the anatomy of gills ?

internal structures in the oral cavity. blood goes to the gills to pick up more oxygen, water moves into blood

counter-current exchange

water moves from left to right. the flow of blood goes in the opposite direction.

buccal pumping

using the jaw to increase volume, decrease pressure

Ram ventilation

opening of the mouth and swimming forward