Anatomy Unit 1

meninges

 membranes outlining spinal cord  , dura, arachnoid, and pia ,mater

subarachnoid space

filled with cerebrospinal fluid  

function of CSF

shock absorber, diffusion medium for:  

\-dissolved gasses  

\-nutrients  

\-chemical messengers  

\-waste  

meninge on spinal cord

pia mater

Axial

moves head and torso

appendicular

mm moving arms and legs

brachium

arm

antebrachium

forearm

axilla

armpit

frontal or coronal plane

splits front and back

sagittal plane

right and left halves

midsagittal

perfectly right down the middle

medial

__________ rotation refers to the movement of a body part around its longitudinal axis towards the midline of the body. It is the inward rotation of a limb or joint, bringing it closer to the body's midline.

internal rotation

rotation towards the center of the body

circumduction

drawing circles with body part

plantarflexion

flexing foot down (high heels)

retraction and protraction

Retraction and protraction are movements of body parts. Retraction refers to the movement of a body part backward or towards the midline of the body, while protraction refers to the movement of a body part forward or away from the midline of the body. These movements are commonly observed in joints such as the shoulder and jaw.

difference between thick and thin skin

Thin: -sebaceous glands, sweat glands 

\-hair 

\-thinner(face) and tougher(back) components  

Transdermal medication: dermal patches for ex motion sickness  

Lips: why red and blue? Very thin stratum corneum so the color is coming through  

Thick: -contains stratum lucidum  

\-no hair 

\-no sebaceous glands  

function of skin

secretion, excretion, communication, thermoregulation, protection  

\-communication: sensory receptors ,touch 

\-synthesis and secretion-keratin, heals wounds 

\-UV light, vitamin D 

sebaceous glands

oil glands

arrector pilli m

makes your hair stand up

ipsilateral

same side of body

unilateral

only on one side

contralateral

opposite sides

part of bone usually for muscle attachment

process

Acromion process

shoulder bone tip you feel

axial skeleton

head, torso, sacrum

appendicular skeleton

appendages, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle 

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5

scoliosis

 lateral deviation verts  

Some causes: developmental, differences lower limb length, etc 

kyphosis

verts curve posteriorly in thoracic region  

Some causes: osteoporosis, abnormal growth 

lordosis

 increased lumbar curvature  

Some causes: weakened trunk mm, etc 

body of vertebrae function

support body weight

intervertebral foramen

space where spinal nerves go in and out

Cervical: How many? 

7--transverse foramen  

**Thoracic: how many** 

12 has costal facets: on body, transverse processes of t1-10 

lumbar; how many

 5 

\-massive bodies 

\-no transverse foramina  

\-no costal facets  

\-extra processes for mm attachment 

Sacrum: -fused vertebrae, how many

5 total

coccyx, “tailbone”

3-5 total

atlanto occipital dislocation

popped your head off c1 (atlas)

Anterior longitudinal ligament

\- ant side of centra body 

\-extends from occipital bone to sacrum  

function- prevent hyperextension, stabilize

trapezius medial and lateral attachment

medial- occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of c7-t12

lateral-clavicle, scapula

latissimus dorsi proximal attachment

spinous process t7-t12, ribs, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia

rhomboid major medial and lateral attachment

medial- spinous process (t2-t5)

lateral- scapula

teres minor proximal and distal attachment

proximal- scapula

distal- (greater tubercle of) humerus

action of teres minor

adducts and laterally rotates arm

supraspinatus proximal and distal attachment

proximal- scapula

distal- (greater tubercle of) humerus

supraspinatus action

abducts arm

serratus anterior superior and inferior attachment

superior- medial border and ant surface of scapula

inferior- ribs (1-8)(ant and superior margins)

serratus anterior action

agonist in scapula protraction, sup rotates scapula, stabilizes scapula

subscapularis action

medially rotates arm

subscapularis proximal and distal attachment

proximal- scapula

distal- lesser tubercle of humerus

splenius capitis superior and inferior attachment

superior- occipital bone, temporal bone

inferior- transverse process of t1-4

rectus capitis post minor and major function

extend heck and neck

oblique capitis inferior and superior function

turns head to same side

gluteus medius and minimus function

abducts thigh, medially rotates thigh

sup, inf, gemellus, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris function

laterally rotates thigh

semispinalis group bilateral and unilateral function

bilateral- extends head and cervical vertebral column

unilateral- laterally flexes head and vertebral column

interspinalis group function

extends vertebral column

deltoid innervation

axillary n

deltoid function

extend and laterally rotate arm

infraspinatus innervation

suprascapular n

teres major function

extends, adducts and medially rotates arm

rhomboid minor and major function

elevates, retracts, inferiorly rotates scapula

muscles involved in breathing

serratus posterior superior- elevates ribs during forced inhalation

inferior- depresses ribs during exhalation

splenius cervicis and capitis function

medial- unilateral(turns head to same side)

bilateral- extends head and neck

iliocostalis and longissimus function

bilateral- extends vertebral column, maintains posture

unilateral- laterally flexes vertebral column

spinalis group has the same bilateral function as iliocostalis and longissimus but no unilateral function

extends vertebral column, maintains posture

multifidus and rotatores function

extends vertebral column and rotates vertebral column toward opposite side

another name for os coxae

pelvic gridle

name for underarm region

axillary

T OR F Many intrinsic back mm can act to extend the back

T

T OR F post longitudinal ligament is narrower and weaker than the ant longitudinal ligament and may help hyperextension

F

where do herniated discs typically occur

L4-L5 and L5-S1

anterior longitudinal ligament function

hyperextension

functions of annulus fibrous

creates strong bond between adjacent vertebras

functions of nucleus pulposus

shock absorber, allows for flexion 

herniated disc

Rupture annulus fibrous  

\-spinal nerve and spinal cord is in post side hitting causing pain  

\-95% herniation occurs between l4/l5 or l5/s1 

\-lumbar microdiscectomy and decompression surgery  

does origin(proximal) or insertion(distal) attachment move

the insertion or distal attachment to bone that moves

extrinsic and intrinsic

Extrinsic: m has its origin outside an organ or part  

Intrinsic: m has both origin and insertion in an organ or part (mm in hands that move hands) 

central nervous system is composed of

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system is composed of

\-sensory division : visceral, somatic sensory divison  

\-motor division: visceral motor division: sympathetic and parasympathetic division  

        Somatic motor division 

funiculus

columns of white matter (bundles of axons, many little multiple fasciculi in each column(meaning tracts))>bundles of axons with shared functions 

names of all funiculus

post, ant, and lateral funiculus

which horn in gray matter is sensory and which horn is motor

\-post horn of gray matter (dorsal): axons of sensory neurons  

\-anterior horn of gray matter (ventral): cell bodies of somatic motor neurons  

neural tissue types in spinal cord and brain

\-gray matter houses: cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons  

\-unmyelinated axons  

\-white matter: houses myelinated axons  

motor neurons and sensory neurons both have what

cell body and axon

is spinal nerve sensory and/or motor?

both

cell bodies in motor neurons are located

in the anterior horn of gray matter

sensory cell bodies are found in 

dorsal root (dorsal root ganglion) which is how you tell post and ant

How and what type of info is carried in/out of spinal cord 

Roots: dorsal root- connects to dorsal post horn  

\-function: carry sensory fibers (or info) to the spinal cord from the body 

Ventral root: connects to ventral horn  

\-function: carry motor fibers to the body from the spinal cord  

How does info get up and down the spinal cord? 

fasciculi (tract)

types of tracts in the spinal cord

Ascending tracts: sensory  

Descending tracts: motor down the spinal cord and body  

spinal cord function

carries info to and from the brain  

spinal nn function

carries info to and from the body  

about where does spinal cord end

conus medularis around L1-L2

how many pairs of spinal nn are there all together

31 pairs

sacral: 5 pairs  

\-lumbar: 5 pairs  

\-thoracic: 12 pairs  

\-cervical: 8 pairs (7 cervical verts but 8 pairs) 

\-cocyx: 1 pair  

spinal nn will come out below the vertebrae , whats the exception

 different in cervical, first cervical nerve comes out above c1, below c7 is cervical spinal nerve c8