apush period 2

Cecil Calvert/Lord Baltimore

leader of Maryland; persuaded people to adopt Act of Toleration

Act of Toleration

1649; Maryland; religious toleration for all Christians revoked after Protestants won mini Civil War

Roger Williams

dissenter banished from Boston in 1631; respected Puritan minister - in 1636 founded Providence (government tolerant of Quakers, Catholics, and Jews)

Providence

settlement established in 1631 by Roger Williams - unique because it recognized the rights of Natives and paid them for their land

Anne Hutchinson

dissenter that questioned Puritan authority - she believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony. She went on to establish the colony of Portsmouth of 1638

antinomianism

the idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation

Rhode Island

established by Roger Williams and was religiously tolerant

Halfway Covenant

established in an effort to maintain the churches influence; offered by some members of the clergy - people could become partial members of church even if they had not experienced a conversion

Quakers

believed in equality, nonviolence, and resistance to military service - posed a radical challenge to authority

William Penn

young convert to the Quaker faith and established the colony of Pennsylvania

Holy Experiment

the colony of Pennsylvania was created to be a refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people to enact liberal ideas in government

Charter of Liberties (1701)

a written constitution in Pennsylvania which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration

Rice Plantations

South Carolina - required slavery

Tobacco Farmers

North Carolina - smaller farmers

Jamestown

established by joint-stock company called the Virginia Company chartered by King James (became royal colony after failure). Jamestown was the first permanent colony

Captain John Smith

Leader of Jamestown that helped them survive through starvation, dysentery, and other issues

John Rolfe

helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco that became a popular export

Pocahontas

married John Rolfe

Puritans

moderate dissenters from the Church of England who wanted to purify the church - established the Massachusetts Bay Colony while seeking religious freedom (leader was John Winthrop)

Separatists

Radical dissenters from the Church of England - wanted a completely separate church (same as Pilgrims)

Pilgrims

Separatists that first travelled to Holland then to America where they established the colony of Plymouth

Mayflower

Boat Pilgrims sailed on

Plymouth Colony

Colony established by Pilgrims

John Winthrop

1630; led about 1000 Puritans to Mass. and established Boston among other towns

Great Migration

a Civil War in England (1630) drove 15000 settlers to Mass.

Thomas Hooker

Reverend who led a group of Boston Puritans and established Hartford in 1636

John Davenport

Created the colony of New Haven

Connecticut

Established in 1665 when New Haven and Hartford came together - granted a limited degree of self-government that included electing a governor

New Hampshire

last New England colony to be founded - a royal colony

The Carolinas

South Carolina - economy based on trading furs that later grew into large rice growing plantations worked by enslaved Africans

North Carolina - small, self sufficient tobacco farms; earned a reputation for democratic views and independence from British control

New York

Ruled by Duke of York

New Jersey

settled by many Quakers - first split in two but confusing property lines led to them combining

Pennsylvania

originally settled by peace-loving Quakers

Delaware

separate colony however had the same governor as Pennsylvania until the American Revolution

Georgia

last colony and only one to receive direct financial support from the gov. of London. (where they sent debtors) - strict regulations that included bans of drinking rum and slavery - later became a royal colony

James Oglethorpe

Leader of Georgia

Wampanoags

leader was Metacom

Metacom

leader of Wampanoags and brought together many New England tribes to stand against the English settlers (called King Philip)

King Philip's War

Led by King Philip tribes fought against the encroaching English settlers - they failed ending most American Indian resistance in New England

Mayflower Compact

created aboard the Mayflower, the Pilgrims signed this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority - first form of self rule and a rudimentary constitution

Virginia House of Burgesses

first representative assembly in America

Sir William Berkeley

the royal governor of Virginia who used dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of large planters and failed to protect small farmers from Indian attacks

Bacon's Rebellion

Nathanial Bacon - resented the economic and political control of large planters; raised an army of volunteers and conducted raids against American Indians

Fundamental Orders of CT (1639)

first written constitution that established a representative gov.

New England Confederation

4 New England colonies joined together (CT, Mass., Plymouth, and New Haven) - established a precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose

Frame of Gov. (1682)

Pennsylvania - guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners

corporate colonies

operated by joint-stock companies

royal colonies

under direct authority and control of the king's government

proprietary colonies

under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king

Chesapeake colonies

Virginia was subdivided by King Charles I into two colonies on either side of the Chesapeake Bay - control granted to (Lord Baltimore)

joint-stock colonies

same as corporate colonies - owned by business

Virginia Company

joint stock company chartered by King James I - founded the first permanent English colony (Jamestown)

mercantilism

which looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength

Navigation Acts

three ruled for colonial trade established by England; 1) Trade to and from colonies could only be carried out by English or colonial crews, 2) All goods imported into colonies had to pass through English ports, 3) Specified goods from colonies could only be exported to England including tobacco > severely limited development of colonies.

Dominion of New England

James II combined NY, NJ, and the New England colonies into the Dominion in order to increase control

Sir Edmund Andros

sent to govern the Dominion of New England - became unpopular be levying taxes, limiting town meetings and revoking land titles

Glorious Revolution

King James II fell as well as the Dominion *** restrictions on colonial trade, though poorly enforced, were widly resented and resisted

indentured servants

people who worked for a period of time (4-7 yrs) for a master in return for room and board and for their passage to America to be paid for

headright system

Virginia offered 50 acres of land to immigrants who paid for their own passage and plantation owners who paid for an immigrants passage

slavery

after Virginia House of Burgesses enacted laws that discriminated against blacks they and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage more important because of: 1) reduced migration 2) dependable workforce 3) cheap labor

triangular trade

merchant ships would follow a three part trade route 1) New England ships would travel to Africa with rum and trade it for slaves 2) ship set out for the Middle Passage 3) slaves were traded in the West Indies for sugar cane

Middle Passage

horrendous voyage for slaves in triangular trade that led to the West Indies

Benjamin West and John Copley

American artists who went to England to establish themselves as prominent artists (training and financial support)

Benjamin Franklin

Popular and successful American writer of the 18th century (Poor Richard's Almanac) - worked with electricity, developed the bifocals, and the Franklin stove

Poor Richard's Almanac

a best selling book written by Ben Franklin

Phillis Wheatley

African American poet who was praised for her triumph over slavery and the quality of her verse

John Bartram

American, self-taught, botanist

professions: religion, medicine, law

ministry: ministers were often the most well-educated in small towns, highly respected physicians: received little formal medical training - apprentices of experienced physicians lawyers: "talkative, troublemakers" - became necessary with more complex problems development

religious toleration

all of the colonies permitted the practice of different religions, with varying degrees of freedom (RI/Penn. least strict - Mass. most strict)

established church

churches financed through the government (people taxed in order to support one Protestant denomination) however as religious diversity increased governments gradually reduced their church support

Great Awakening

1730s - 1740s: characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people religious impact: new emotional sermons/ministers losing power + division in the church political impact: if people could make their own religious decisions couldn't they make their own political? - democracy

Jonathan Edwards

Reverend in Mass. that expressed the Great Awakening ideas in his sermons, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" ~ argued that individuals who expressed deep penitence could be saved by God's grace, those who did not would suffer eternal damnation

George Whitefield

spread the Great Awakening - barnstorming where he delivered rousing sermons that stressed that God was all powerful taught that ordinary people with faith could understand the gospels without ministers

Cotton Mather

Mass. minister who wrote highly read religious works

sectarian

first colonial colleges - that they promoted the doctrines of a particular religious group

subsistence

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

Germans

maintained culture and religions; followed the laws but showed little interest in English politics

Scotch-Irish

Had little respect for the English government because that is why they had immigrated in the first place

Huguenots

= French Protestants

Dutch

small percent of population with Huguenots and Swedes

Swedes

small percent of population with Huguenots and Dutch

Africans

did to immigrate by choice - 20% of population (largest non English population) most lived in life long bondage on southern plantations

immigrants

came for a variety of reasons; 1) escape religious persecution 2) economic opportunities as farmers o

social mobility

all people (besides African Americans) had an opportunity to improve their standard of living and social status by hard work

hereditary aristocracy

= nobility inheriting special privileges (social extremes of Europe)- not in colonies (narrower class system)

John Peter Zenger

NY editor and publisher charged with libel against the NY governor the jury ignored the English law that said injuring a governor's reputation was a crime even if true and acquitted Zenger (encouraged freedom of speech)

Andrew Hamilton

Zenger's lawyer who argued that his client had printed the truth about the governor

Enlightenment

"darkness" of past centuries could be corrected by the use of human reason in solving humanities problems - John Locke "natural laws/rights", sovereignty lies with the people

colonial governors

appointed by the king in royal colonies

appointed by proprietor in proprietary colonies

appointed by vote in RI and CT

colonial legislatures

two houses 1) lower house/assembly elected by eligible voters voted for or against new taxes *** cause for revolution 2) upper house/council appointed by king or proprietor

town meetings

in which people of the town would regularly come together to vote directly on public issues (New England)

county government

in the south government was carried out by law enforcing sheriffs or other officials in different counties

limited democracy

only white, landowning, males could vote however government leaned towards democracy and self-government

nonsectarian

Not limited to or associated with a particular religious denomination. Example: College of Philadelphia

Virginia

Founded in 1607 (Jamestown) and was later turned into a royal colony by King James I.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage and was the first explorer that put England in a position to colonize the land