World History Semester 2 Final Exam Study Guide

Renaissance

Translates literally to rebirth and refers to a revival of art and learning

Renaissance Emulation

Culture and knowledge originating from ancient Greece and Rome

Humanism

The Renaissance belief that humans have the potential to become whatever they choose

Protestant

A new branch of Christianity started by Martin Luther when he questioned the Catholic Church

Martin Luther

A German monk who was frustrated with the Catholic Church and wrote the 95 Theses

Motivation for European exploration

Desire to acquire trade and luxury goods like spices from Asia

Tenochtitlan

The capital of the Aztec empire located on a small island in Lake Texcoco

Revolution in transportation effect

More railroads allowed people to migrate to cities

Factors of production

The resources of land labor and capital needed for industrialization

Indigenous slavery vs Transatlantic

Indigenous slavery did not rely on race whereas the transatlantic slave trade did

Berlin Conference result

Europeans divided Africa without consulting or including any Africans

Jewel in the Crown

India was considered this because the British could extract resources from it to make themselves rich

Gandhi belief system

Satyagraha or non-violent civil disobedience

Sharpeville and Soweto

Locations where protesting Black South Africans were violently attacked

Reasons for imperialism

Political motives economic needs humanitarianism and Social Darwinism

Rivers of China

The Huang He and the Yangtze

Middle Kingdom

A term showing the Chinese saw themselves as the center of the civilized world

Opium Wars cause

The British refused demands from China to stop the opium trade

The Crusades

A conflict to defend Christianity against Muslim Empires that brought spices and knowledge back to Europe

The Middle Ages

An era marked by the growing power of monarchs and the growth of Christian faith

Renaissance Individualism

A shift in perceiving the world focusing on autonomy agency and human potential

Spices from Asia

Demand increased after the Crusades but Muslim and Italian traders made them too expensive

Spreading Christianity

A sacred duty that served as a core motivation for European overseas exploration

The Caravel

A newly designed navigation vessel sturdier than early ships

Triangular Sails

Sails adopted from the Arabs that allowed ships to sail against the wind

The Astrolabe

A navigation tool perfected by Islamic astronomers to calculate latitude

Magnetic Compass

A Chinese invention used by explorers as a reliable navigation tool

Christopher Columbus

Explorer who thought he reached the East Indies and called the native people Indians

Colonies

Lands controlled by other nations that were prioritized by Spanish empire builders

Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of plants animals disease and food between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

Capitalism

An economic system relying on private ownership that grew from the wealth of the Americas

New World vs Old World

The dichotomy used to describe the exchange of goods between the Americas and Europe

Industrial Revolution

A massive technological and economic change driven by agricultural and financial innovations

Agricultural innovations

Methods enabling more efficient farming and population growth resulting in fewer farmers and more laborers

Financial innovations

Banking systems and joint stock companies that helped drive the Industrial Revolution

British textiles consumer need

The demand for cloth that spurred innovations like the spinning jenny

Social impacts of Industrial Revolution

Major demographic changes poor working conditions and shifting social structures

Urbanization in England

A massive population shift from rural areas to cities between 1550 and 2000

Pollution

A severe negative consequence of the factories and railways during the Industrial Revolution

Charlie Chaplin Modern Times

A 1936 film presenting a critique of industrial work and factory assembly lines

Huitzilopochtli

Aztec god who required regular offerings of human blood to fight and make the sun rise

Aztec human sacrifice

Practiced on a massive scale by priests using obsidian knives at the Great Temple

Tonatiuh

The Aztec sun god depicted centrally on the Sunstone calendar

Aztec Sunstone Glyphs

Four squares surrounding Tonatiuh representing the previous ages of Tiger Water Wind and Rain

Aztec Tribute System

A system that provided wealth but created rebellious states that required military control

Aztec Theocracy

A government united by religion but funneling too many resources into religious activities

Columbian Exchange Diseases

Smallpox influenza typhus measles malaria diphtheria and whooping cough brought to the Americas

Columbian Exchange Livestock

Cattle sheep pigs and horses introduced to the Americas

Columbian Exchange Crops to Europe

Tobacco cassava cacao beans sweet potatoes potatoes and tomatoes

Thomas Mun

A mercantilist who stated nations must sell more to strangers yearly than they consume

Flying shuttle

An early technological innovation in the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution

First Factories

Built near rivers and streams because they needed running water for power

Renaissance definition

A rebirth of learning and art following the late Middle Ages

Florence

An Italian city-state with a republican government that came under the rule of the Medici family

The Medici

A powerful banking family with branch offices throughout Italy and Europe

Cosimo de Medici

The wealthiest European of his time who won control of the Florence government in 1434

Humanities

A term meaning studies of human nature encompassing culture every educated person should possess

Artemisia Gentileschi

A notable female Renaissance artist

Boccaccio

A Renaissance writer who authored the Decameron

School of Athens

A 1508 painting by Raphael in the Vatican showing ancient Greek scholars like Plato and Aristotle

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

A Flemish painter known for capturing scenes from everyday peasant life with rich colors

Roman Catholicism

A Christian denomination where the Pope acts as the head of the Church

Calvinism

A Protestant denomination where a council of elders governs each church

Lutheranism

A Protestant denomination where ministers lead the congregations

Protestantism

The branch of Christianity originating from Martin Luther protesting the Catholic Church

Henry VIII

The English monarch whose actions broke ties with the Pope and changed England religion

Elizabeth I

An English monarch who successfully brought a level of religious peace to England

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Polish astronomer whose concept of a heliocentric universe helped set off the Scientific Revolution

Isaac Newton

A genius associated with the laws of gravity during the Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment

A revolution in intellectual activity that drastically changed European views on government and society

American Revolution

A colonial conflict spurred by Enlightenment ideas leading the American colonies to shed British rule

Cecil Rhodes

A British imperialist who believed the Anglo-Saxon race was the best and should acquire more territory

Boers

Dutch settlers who fought against the British over territory in southern Africa

Winston Churchill

Served as a war correspondent during the Boer War and saved wounded men from a train ambush

Louis Botha

A Boer soldier who arrested Churchill and later became prime minister of the Union of South Africa

African Resistance

Military movements like the Maji-Maji and Ashanti that fought against European colonization

Legacy of Colonial Rule in Africa

An era that forever altered lives mostly negatively by breaking down traditional culture

Paternalism

An imperial policy comparable to Social Darwinism regarding the direct management of colonized people

Lord Kitchener

A British officer who believed no rank bestowed on an Indian would make him an equal

Sepoys

Native Indian soldiers serving under British military command

Sikhs

A religious group hostile to the Mughals who remained loyal to the British during the Sepoy Mutiny

Raj

The term referring to direct British rule and control over India

Kashmir Conflict

A fierce battle between India and Pakistan over territory following the partition

Hindu Extremist

An assassin who shot and killed Gandhi because he thought Gandhi was too protective of Muslims

Desmond Tutu

A religious leader who helped force South Africa to end the policy of apartheid

Yin and Yang

A traditional Chinese symbol representing moderate and balanced systems in the universe

Legalists

Chinese philosophers who believed thinkers and their ideas should be strictly controlled by the government

I Ching

The Book of Changes that helped people lead a happy life by offering good advice and common sense

Watchtowers

Structures built along the Great Wall of China for military defense and observation

Warring States Period

An era of extreme chaos and conflict in China that severely affected Chinese life and society

Daoism

One of the three major philosophical traditions in China alongside Confucianism and Legalism

Treaty of Nanjing

A treaty that forced China to open to foreign trade and outside influence

Dowager

A term for a widow who holds a title or property derived from her deceased husband

Qing Court

The Chinese ruling government that intensely debated whether to adopt Western ways or cling to tradition

Jiang Jieshi

The leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party who was supported by the United States

Mao Zedong

The leader of the Chinese Communist Party who was heavily supported by the Soviet Union

Communist Public Support

Strong backing due to promised land reform for peasants and a highly motivated guerrilla army

Nationalist Domestic Policy

A platform aimed at national liberation but severely plagued by inflation and corrupt leadership

Red Guards

A radical group during the Cultural Revolution that shut down colleges and forced intellectuals into hard labor

Great Leap Forward

Mao economic policy in the late 1950s that completely failed to bring economic prosperity to China