Reproductive phys test 3

All

Follicles grow at ____ times of the cycle

Theca externa

Connective tissue surrounding entire follicle

Theca interna

Inner layer of thecal cells next to basement membrane

Androgens, LH

Theca interna synthesizes _____ under the influence of _____

Estrogen, FSH

Androgens (T) pass across basement membrane to granulosa cells where they are

converted to______ under the influence of _____

Maturation

Follicles undergo rapid _____ just before estrus

Increases, follicular

Estrogen concentration ______ during ______ phase

Follicular phase

Estrus behavior occurs in the

CAMP

Converts cholesterol to progesterone in the theca cells

Testosterone

Androgens are converted to ____ in the theca cells

Granulosa, estrogen

_____ cells convert testosterone to _____

Dominant follicle

During estrus

Metestrus

Ovulation happens during

CL

Is dominant during diestrus

Restarts

During proestrus the cycle ______

Estrus, estrogen

_____ is due to a local effect of _____ on the central nervous system

hypothalamo-hypophyseal

Increased sexual receptivity due to increased estrogen feedback on the ______ axis to cause a surge of LH and FSH

GNRH

Surges of FSH and LH are caused by

LH, enzymes

_____ activates _____ that digests connective tissue in wall of follicle resulting in ovulation

After LH peak

Ovulation ______ in most domestic animals

Metestrus

LH surge is highest during

Luteal cells

Granulosa and theca cells differentiate into

Lh, luteotropic

CL secretes progesterone because of ____ and it is ____

endometrium

Where is progesterone produced from during late luteal phase

Diestrus, estrogen

Mid to late ____ non-ovulatory follicles secrete increasing concentrations of

Oxytocin receptors

Endometrial cells stimulated by Estrogen stimulate

Cl, arachidonic acid

Oxytocin from the ____ or posterior pituitary binds oxytocin receptors and stimulates production of ____ and prostaglandin synthase

Follicular phase

1-14

Luteal phase

14-28 days

Spermatocytogenesis

Series of divisions from spermatogonia to spermatids

3 years

Total sperm production increases up to ____ of age in bulls and stallions

Spermiogensis

Spermatids undergo Metamorphosis to form spermatazoa

mitotic division

division of dormant spermatogonium (2n) into active spermatogonium

Mitotically

Active spermatogonium divides _____ 4 times yielding 16 1° spermatocytes

Meiotic

Each 1° spermatocyte (2n) undergoes _____ division

64 spermatids

1 spermatogonium =

Spermatids attach

In spermiogenesis ____ to Sertoli cells

spermatazoon

Each spermatid undergoes metamorphosis to give rise to a

Spermatogenesis, sertoli

____ Is complete when spermatozoa are released by ______ cell (spermiation)

Cytoplasm

Mature sperm sheds

Lumen, rete

Spermatazoa are Forced through _____ of ____ testis by rete testis fluid

2 months

Sperm production takes around

Fsh

stimulates sertoli cells

Lh, similar

____ is followed by ___ testosterone surges

Androgen binding protein

Sertoli cells stimulated by FSH secrete

Exogenous prostaglandin

stimulates release of LH and testosterone

mitosis, meiosis

Spermatagonia to primary is ____ everything else is

Cauda

Sperm is stored in the

Ejacukation

peristaltic contractions of epididymis and vas deferens Concentration

Caput, corpis

Fluids are absorbed I. The

reabsorption, cauda

______ of damaged sperm can occur in ____ epididymis

Cytoplasmic droplet

Sperm loses _____ for motility

Epididymis

Concentration, maturation, transportation, storage

Fructose, sorbitol, gpc, plasmologen

Energy substrates For metabolism of sperm

Capacitation

Second maturation process for spermatozoa

Female

Capacitation occurs in the ____ repro tract

Capacitaion, zona

Sperm must go through Process sperm must go through for penetration of _____ pellucida

Lipoprotein

Capacitation Involves removal of ______ layer on surface of sperm to release enzymes necessary for penetration

99.5%

Of follicles become atretic

Oogenesis is

Formation and maturation of female gamete

Prenatal

Oogenesis Begins in the ______ period

Oogonium

Potential gamete in a 1° follicle is called an

Primary oocytes

Mitotic division of oogonia yield

dictyate oocytes

Oocytes become arrested in meiotic prophase stage of diplotene

Atretic

Oocytes starting development before puberty become _____

zona pellucida

First step of oogenesis the Enlargement of cytoplasm and gain a

Second step oogenesis

Meiosis to form a primary oocyte

Secondary oocyte

retains all cytoplasm and one-half of nuclear material

Ovulation

Oogenesis completes just before ____ in cow, sow, ewe and mare

Fertilization

Basically third step of oogenesis but I missed that blank so I'm just guessing here

Lh surge

Ovulation occurs 24 to 45 hours after (excepts in mares)

Prostaglandin

involved in follicular rupture

Hilus

Site of ovulation in Cow, sow, ewe -- any point on ovary except

Fosa

Ovulation in the mare is the

Ovulation, Luteal cells

After ______, theca and granulosa cells become _____

Myometrium

muscle layer of the uterus

72 to 90

Transport time of ova in oviduct is ____ hours in bovine, ovine, porcine and equine

2

Zygote has ____ polar body

1

Oocyte has _____ polar body

syngamy

The fusion of two gametes in fertilization.

Acrosome reaction

Bound sperm complete ______ in preparation for penetration of zona pellucida

Fertilization is complete

The pronuclei have disappeared and been replaced

Chromosome groups, which have united in the prophase of the first cleavage division.

vitelline membrane

Sperm head fuses with

perivitelline space

Cortical granules spill their contents into _____

totapotent

Each blastomere is

Fetus

Some blastomere form the embryonic disk which becomes the

Placenta

The trophoblast becomes the

Morula

16- to 32-cell stage called

Blastocyst

Fluid begins to collect in intercellular spaces and cavity forms

​ ​(BLASTOCOELE) to give rise to a

trophoblast, inner cell mass

Blastocyst contains two layers of cells

Spermiation

Specific process of releasing sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

True

The zona pellucida is the common outermost actual part of the oocyte mature and early embryo

Mitosis

Process(es) of cellular division with no change to the DNA complement in spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Zygote

Final stage of cell that indicates oogenesis is complete

14

Ovulation typically occurs at the end of the follicular phase, about day ____ in women

Capacitation

Essential process of removing outer lipolayer of a sperm head before fertilization can start

Vitelline Block

Results in the vitelline membrane not being able to be crossed by any other sperm