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107 Terms

1
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what does the nervous system do
controls and integrates all body activities within limits that maintain life
2
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what are the 3 overall basic functions of nervous tissue
* sensory
* integration
* motor
3
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what does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of
the brain and spinal cord
4
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what does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of
cranial and spinal nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers
5
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what does the PNS do
connects CNS to muscles, glands, & all sensory receptors
6
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how many subdivision of the PNS are there
3
7
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what are the three subdivisions of the PNS
* somatic (voluntary) nervous system (SNS)
* autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
* enteric nervous system (ENS)
8
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is the somatic nervous system (SNS) voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
9
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what does the somatic nervous system (SNS) consist of
* neurons from cutaneous and special sensory receptors to the CNS
* motor neurons to skeletal tissue
10
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what does the autonomic nervous system consist of
* sensory neurons from visceral organs to CNS
* motor neurons to skeletal muscle tissue
11
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what does the enteric nervous system consist of
* involuntary sensory & motor neurons control GI tract
* neurons function independently of ANS and CNS
12
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neurons have the capacity to produce action potential, that is called
electrical excitability
13
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what makes up the cell body
* single nucleus with prominent nucleolus
* Nissl bodies
* neurofilaments
* microtubules
* lipofuscin pigment
14
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what does the neurofilament do
give cell shape and support
15
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what do the microtubules do
move material inside cell
16
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what does the lipofuscin pigment do
clumps
17
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what does the cell processes consist of
dendrites and axons
18
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dendrites conduct impulses where?
towards the body
19
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axons conduct impulses where?
away from the body
20
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what are **AFFERENT** neurons and what do they do
* sensory neurons
* transport sensory information from skin, muscles, joints, sense organs & viscera to CNS
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what are **EFFERENT** neurons and what do they do
* motor neurons
* send motor nerve impulses to muscles & glands
22
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what do interneurons (association) neurons do
connect sensory to motor neurons
23
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interneurons make up % in the body
90%
24
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what are neuroglial cells
smaller cells than neurons and 50X more numerous
25
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what are the major functions of the neuroglial cells
* structural integrity
* secretion & excretion
26
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with the exception of astrocytes and microglia cells, do neuroglial cells have anything do that with sensory information processing
no
27
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what are the 4 neuroglial cell types in the CNS
* astrocytes
* oligodendrocytes
* microglia
* ependymal
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what are the 2 neuroglial cell types in the PNS
* Schwann cells
* satellite cells
29
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what do astrocytes do
* form blood-brain barrier by covering blood capillaries
* metabolize neurotransmitters
* regulate K+ balance
* **provide structural support**
30
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what are the most common glial cell type
astrocytes
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what do oligodendrocytes do
synthesize myelin
32
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what do microglia cells do
phagocytosis; clear away deal cells and are **fixed macrophages**
33
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what do ependymal cells do
produce cerebral spinal fluid **(CSF)**
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do astrocytes and microglia cells have something to do with sensory information processing
yes
35
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how do myelinated fibers appear
white
36
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how do unmyelinated fibers appear
grey
37
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which fiber, myelinated or unmyelinated, is fast and large diameter fiber
myelinated
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which fiber, myelinated or unmyelinated, is a slow and small diameter fiber
unmyelinated
39
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why does resting potential exist
concentration of ions are different inside & outside
40
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what does threshold mean
the minimum amount
41
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what is the all-or-none principal
with stimulation, either happens one specific way or not at all (lasts 1/1000 of a second)
42
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what is action potential
series of rapidly occurring events that change and then restore the membrane potential of a cell to its resting state
43
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is the action potential a negative or positive feedback loop
postive
44
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\-70 mV is what
resting membrane potential
45
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\-55 mV is what
threshold
46
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depolarization is the change from
\-70 mV to +30 mV 
47
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repolarization is the reversal from
\+30 mV back to -70 mV
48
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neuronal circuits are involved in many important activities such as
* breathing
* short-term memory
* waking up
49
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in terms of regeneration (repair), what is the ability for the PNS
can repair damaged dendrites or axons
50
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in terms of regeneration (repair), what is the ability for the CNS
no repairs are possible
51
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cholinergic synapses utilize what type of neurotransmitters
ACh ; acetycholine
52
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the ascending and descending tracts are also known as
columns
53
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what is the function of the spinal cord tracts
highway for sensory & motor information
54
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do sensory tracts ascend or descend
ascend
55
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do motor tracts ascend or descend
descend
56
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what makes up the spinal meninges
* pia mater
* arachnoid
* dura mater
57
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the pia mater is what part of the spinal meninges
* inner
* \
58
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the arachnoid is what part of the spinal meninges and what is it made up of
* middle
* spider web of collagen fibers
59
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the dura mater is what part of the spinal meninges and what is it made up of
* outer
* dense irregular CT tube
60
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what is the spinal meninges layers in order from inner to outer
pia mater → arachnoid → dura mater
61
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what is meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
62
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the epidural space is filled with what and what is its function
* fat
* site sensory anesthesia
63
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the subarachnoid space is filled with what and what is its function
* cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
* diagnostic clarification
64
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in adults what does the spinal cord end at
L2
65
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what keeps the diaphragm alive
C3-5 aka phrenic nerves
66
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what is a postural reflex
stretch reflex
67
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flexor reflex works in conjunction with what other reflex and to do what
crossed extensor reflex ; to keep upright/maintains one’s balance
68
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how many pairs of cervical nerves are there
8 pairs
69
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how many pairs of thoracic nerves are there
12 pairs
70
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how many pairs of lumbar nerves are there
5 pairs (l)
71
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how many pairs of sacral nerves are there
5 pairs (s)
72
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how many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there
1 pair
73
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what are the connective tissue sheaths of the spinal nerve
* endoneurium
* perineurium
* epineurium
74
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the endoneurium consists of what
wrapping of each nerve fibers
75
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the perineurium consists of what
surrounds group of nerve fibers forming a fascicle
76
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the epineurium consists of what
covering of entire nerve
77
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the connective tissue sheaths make up what
the spinal nerve
78
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spinal nerves are formed from what
dorsal and ventral roots
79
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the dorsal root consists of what axon
sensory
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the ventral root consist of what axon
motor axon
81
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what are the principal parts of the brain
* **cerebrum**
* lobes
* **diencephalon**
* thalamus and hypothalamus
* **cerebellum**
* **brainstem**
* medulla, pons, and midbrain
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what is proprioception
concept of motion that utilizes many systems over time
83
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what systems are involved in proprioception
 vision, nervous system, and vestibular system (vertebrae works with auditory system)
84
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are the brain meninges same or different than the spinal cord
same (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)
85
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what is the function of the cerebral spinal fluid
* mechanical protection
* floats brain and softens impact with bony walls
* chemical protection
* optimal ionic concentrations for action potential
* circulation
* nutrients and waste products to and from the bloodstream
86
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what is the continuation of the spinal cord in the brain
medulla oblongata
87
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the medulla oblongata is the center for
cardiovascular and respiratory
88
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the most significant part of the brainstem that contributes to vegetative states is what and what are some examples
the medulla oblongata; blood pressure, nausea, etc
89
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the pons helps with what
controlling breathing
90
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the midbrain consist of what
* cerebral peduncles
* clusters of motor & sensory fibers
* substantia nigra
* helps control subconscious activity
* red nucleus
* rich bloody supply & iron containing pigment
91
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the reticular activating system does what
maintains **consciousness**
92
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the cerebellum contains what
arbor vitae
93
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what is the function of the cerebellum
to maintain balance and coordination; monitor all complex and coordinated events
94
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the superior part of the diencephalon walls is what
the thalamus
95
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the inferior part of the walls & floor of the diencephalon is what
the hypothalamus
96
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what does the thalamus do
it is the relay station and great filter of the CNS
97
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what does the hypothalamus do
regulate homeostasis
98
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what are the many functions of the hypothalamus
* control and integrate activities of the ANS
* synthesizes regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary
* regulate rage, aggression, pain, pleasure & arousal
* controls body temperature
* regulates daily patterns of sleep
99
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the epithalamus consists of what
pineal gland
100
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what is the function of the pineal gland
secrete melatonin