biology test one

chapter 1-5

cyanobacteria

earliest evidence of life on earth, evolved 3.5 billion years ago

stromatolites

made of cyanobacteria, which collect sediment from atmosphere

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment

scientific method

scientific method

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment

hypothesis

testable explanation, can be falsified

sir francis bacon

inventor of scientific method

inductive reasoning

uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

deductive reasoning

uses general principles or laws to predict specific results

basic science

seeks to expand knowledge regardless of short-term application of knowledge

applied science

aims to use science to solve real-world problems, technology focus

human genome project

thirteen-year multidisciplinary effort resulting in the identification of the entire human genome sequence in 2003

order, response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, adaptation, homeostasis and regulation, energy processing, evolution

properties of life

properties of life

order, sensitivity to stimulus, reproduction, growth and development, homeostasis, adaptation, energy processing, evolution

order

life is made from highly organized coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells

response to stimuli

life can bend toward light sources, climb walls, respond to touch

reproduction

life’s ability to reproduce on its own

growth and development

life’s genes contribute to cellular growth and development

adaptation

life’s ability to exhibit a fit to their environment

regulation and homeostasis

life’s need for a stable internal environment to maintain life

energy processing

life’s ability to create energy or ingest it to maintain life

evolution

most important characteristic f life, mutations over time that allow organisms to adapt to environments

eight microns

size of red blood cell

atom

smallest, most fundamental unit of matter that retains properties of element

molecule

chemical structure consisting of at least 2 atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds

macromolecule

large molecule typically formed by polymerization

tissue

group of similar cells carrying out a similar or related function

organ

collection of tissues grouped together to perform a common function

organ system

higher level of organization that consists of functoionally-related organs

organism

living individual entity

population

all individuals of specific type of organism in certain area

community

all living organisms in certain area

ecosystem

all living organisms and their environments

biosphere

encompasses all of the ecosystems on earth

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

three domains of life in phylogenetic tree

carl r woese

created phylogenetic tree from rRNA genes

rRNA

genes that were sequenced to create phylogenetic tree

bacteria and archaea

these domains of life and prokaryotes

eukarya

this domain of life is eukaryotes

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

four elements common to all living organisms

isotope

element that has same number of protons but different number of neutrons

atomic number

proton number, distinguishes one element from another

atomic mass number

proton and neutron number, represents atomic weight

positive

proton charge

neutral

neutron charge

negative

electron charge

98

number of naturally occurring elements that are on the periodic table, the others are made in a lab

dmitri mendeleev

devised the periodic table

niels bohr

developed an early model of the atom

octet rule

atoms are more stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their outermost shell (valence shell)

valence shell

outermost electron shell

ion

atom that has different number of electrons

bonds

how close can atoms get to other atoms to satisfy the octet rule

chemical reactions

occur by making or breaking bonds

compoudn

molecule that contains two or more elements

covalent bond

sharing of electrons, strongest bonds, common in DNA and proteins

ionic bond

formed by electron donation and reception, forms ions; atoms lose or gain electrons to achieve full octet - become positively charged if gives away electrons, negatively charged if gains electrons

cation

positive ion (loses electrons)

anion

negative ion (gains electrons)

polar covalent bond

atoms unequally share electrons and are more attached to one nucleus than the other

nonpolar covalent bond

forms between two atoms of same element or different elements that share electrons equally

hydrogen bond

weak bond between two molecules resulting from attraction between a protein in one molecule and electronegative atom in other - bonds bases together in DNA

van der waals interactions

weak attractions or interactions between molecules, must be very close to each other - dependent on electron density fluctuations around atoms

good solvent

property of water, consequence of its polarity, allows substances to dissolve easily in it

hydrophilic

polar substance that interacts readily with or dissolves with water

hydrophobic

nonpolar substances that do not interact well with water

less dense

solid form of water is this in comparison to liquid form of water

hydrogen bonding

reason that ice is less dense than water

high heat capacity

property of water that allows it to hold a lot of heat, helps to regulate body temperature

water

liquid with highest specific heat capacity

heat of vaporization

amount of energy required to change one gram of liquid substance to gas

high heat of vaporization

property of water where water requires a lot of heat to turn into vapor so when water (sweat) evaporates from body, body loses a lot of heat and cools down

cohesion

attraction between water molecules, due to hydrogen bonding

adhesion

attraction between water molecules and other molecules

capillary actio

cohesion and adhesion cause water to climb up tight spaces

surgace tension

due to cohesion, ability of liquid to withstand surface rupturing when placed under tension or stress

base

provides either hydroxide ions (OH-) or other negatively charged ions that combine with hydrogen ions, reducing their concentration and raising pH (pH 7.1-14)

acid

substance that increases hydrogen ions (H+) concentration in solution, usually by having one of its hydrogen atoms dissociate (pH 0.0-6.9)

ionization of water

water separates into H+ ion and OH- : hydroxyl releases proton into waterr

buffers

readily absorb excess H+ or OH-, keeping body’s pH in narrow range required for survival

HCO3-

buffer in the human blood

carbon

backbone of biological macromolecules

hydrocarbons

form the backbone of many biological macromolecules , they are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen

organic molecule

any carbon-containing molecule, these are especially important for life

ane

prefix that means single carbon-carbon bond

ene

prefix that means double carbon-carbon bond

yne

prefix that means tripe carbon-carbon bond

aliphatic

hydrocarbons consisting of linear chains of carbon atoms, can form rings with single bonds

aromatic

hydrocarbons consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds

isomer

molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in placement/structure of their atoms or chemical bonds

structural isomers

have different covalent arrangement of atoms

geometric isomers

different atomic arrangements around C=C bond, trans or linear; have similar placement of covalent bonds, differ in how bonds are made to surrounding atoms

trans

linear backbone, same element on different sides

cis

bent backbone, same element on same side

enantiomers

share same chemical structure and chemical bonds but differ in 3d placement of atoms, nonsuperimposable mirror images

L-amino acids

enantiomer that is predominant in proteins

D-Glucose

enantiomer that is main product of photosynthesis

functional groups

brain of biomolecules, are attached to hydrocarbon backbone; groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to these molecules

hydroxyl

\-OH functional group, polar

methyl

\-CH3 functional group, nonpolar hydrophobic

carbonyl

\-C=O functional group, polar