English

Structure of plot

plot graph

Exposition

A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.

Narrative Hook

the part of the story that catches the reader's interest & makes them want to go on

Rising Action/Complications

Events/steps that the protagonist takes to solve the problem leading up to the climax

Climax/Turning Point

the third part of the plot; a time at which a decisive change in a situation occurs, especially one with beneficial results or the most intense, exciting, or important point of something

Falling Action

Events after the climax, leading to the resolution

Resolution

End of the story

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

flashback

A scene that interrupts the normal chronological sequence of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time

frame story

a story within a story

foreshadowing

A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.

external conflit

conflicts caused by something outside the characters life: person vs person, person vs environment, nature/society vs person, supernatural vs person

internal conflict

person vs self

suspense

a state or feeling of excited or anxious uncertainty about what may happen.

Philosophical context

prevailing worldview of time and religion

Historical context

political trends, religious movements

Social context

beliefs, values of religion

Seasonal context

season, literal time frame, time of day, duration of story

geographic context

climate, features of state and nation, global significance

Spatial context

the "stage" itself, the layout of the house, garden, city, country, etc

Imagery

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)

Mood

Feeling that a writer creates for the reader

atmosphere

The mood or feeling created in a piece of writing

verisimilitude

the quality of appearing to be true, real, likely, or probable

Symbolic Setting

A place, time, or culture in a story that is at once a setting and a representation of something else, often an ideal or greater reality.

setting as character

an element of Gothic Literature where the location is a central element in the story

Protagonist

main character

Antagonist

a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary.

Anti-hero

a central character in a story, movie, or drama who lacks conventional heroic attributes.

central character

main character

supporting character

encourages the action but is not presented as much as the main character

background character

those who provide reality to the story by their mere presence.

round character

A character who demonstrates some complexity and who develops or changes in the course of a work

flat/static character

A character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story

dynamic character

A character who grows, learns, or changes as a result of the story's action

good character

a person who uses self-control to act on responsible values

bad character

desiring and doing bad

Grey character

the villains with a point, the heroes who will cross the line, the ones who will make the difficult decisions (not good nor bad per say - complicated)

Motivation

A character's incentive or reason for behaving in a certain manner; that which impels a character to act

first person

"I" and "Me" standpoint. Personal perspective.

innocent narrorator

A narrator whose perception is immature or limited through their point of view

unreliable narrorator

a narrator whose credibility is seriously questioned

third person limited

Narrator sees the world through only one characters eyes and thoughts.

Third person omniscent

the narrator is not a character, and portrays the story with insight into many of the characters

Theme

idea about life, authors worldview, truth, work's essential meaning (ITS NOT a topic, moral, cliché, reader's response, direct statement from text)

Questions to consider: (may have to do with theme or may be questions she wants us to think abt?)

- Insights into human nature- Role of fate v. free will- rewards and punishments- Character growth: change in motivation- Significance of title

Narrative

The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.

fiction

A story that is not true or is made up

non fiction

a true story

primary source

an account of an event created by someone who took part in or witnessed the event

secondary source

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

objective

not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts

subjective

based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions

Fact

A statement that can be proved.

opinion

A personal view, attitude, or appraisal.

Journalism

News, who/what/when/where/why/how) trends of modern journalism to abandon objectivity in favor of commentary)

editorial

An article giving opinions or perspectives

Bias

Author's worldview: gender, economic, educational, social, religious, racial, etc)

Undue Bias

Passing off unsupported opinion as if it were fact)

arguable

open to argument or debate

Observation

The act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way.

interpretation

explanation of something not obvious or not meaning the same thing to everyone

Controversial

giving rise or likely to give rise to public disagreement

Historical Value

a place that has influenced, or has been influenced by, a historic figure, event, phase or activity

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Sensationalize/dramatize

to describe or show something in a way that makes it seem more shocking than it really is

autobiography

An account of a person's life written by that person

Authors purpose (PIE)

persuade, inform, entertain

persuade

to convince

Inform/instruct

give (someone) facts or information; tell

entertain

to interest and amuse

Inference/Induction

Something that can be deduced from other evidence

Irony

A contrast between expectation and reality

Literary Ambiguity

any wording, action, or symbol that can be read in divergent ways, leaving something undetermined in order to open up multiple possible meanings

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

Metaphor

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

Symbolism

A device in literature where an object represents an idea.

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event

Allegory

a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

Satire

A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.

Know: "The Open Window"

pp (1-6) - Hector Hugh MunroCharacters and characterization: Framton Nuttel, Mrs. Sappleton, Vera, Hook, social situations, POV creates conflict, Frame story, unreliable narrator, irony, surrealism v. verisimilitude, Author's note; what drives the action

Know: "The Monkey's Paw"

pp (7-19) - W.W. JacobsHorror elements; elements of gothic tale (p 7), plot graph, foreshadowing, making predictions, making inferences, sequence of events; chronological order, hook, suspense, turning pointIrony - why does anyone pass along the monkey's pawProtagonist - possibility of the paw being protagonist and antagonistConflicts - Person vs. Supernatural, cause and effectSurrealism - do any of the wishes really come true?Equivocation - wishes promise one thing but actually mean anotherConflict is not resolves; what do we not know by the end of the story

Know "Through the Tunnel"

pp (20-31) - Doris LessingRite of passage, theme, symbolism of tunnels, central conflict, characterization (indirect), foreshadowing, setting; imagery, motivation; transformation, hook; turning point: resolution (irony), Technical climax (pg 28 paragraph 34), emotional climax (p 29 paragraph 39)

Know "The Night the Bed Fell"

James Thurber (handout)POV (perspective), Irony, Verisimilitude, Imagery; sound effects, False cause, Character traits (mother, father, narrator), Author's purpose, journalistic elements, "the night the bed fell on my father" - but it didn't

Know " The Night the Ghost Got In"

James Thurber (handout)Plot, hook, complications, resolutionIrony, humorCharacter traits (mother, grandfather)Sound effects, verisimilitude, imageryAuthor's stylePOV - perspective

Know "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty"

James Thurber (handout)Mitty vs his daydreamsHero vs anti-hero (IRL Mitty is dysfunctional; in daydreams in full control)CharacterizationResolution

Know "The First Seven Years"

Bernard Malamud (handout)Setting, historical, socialAllusion to the story of Jacob and RachelCharacterization (direct, indirect, dynamic, multi-sided)Protagonist, Antagonist, motivationprimary conflictSymbol - Max: symbol of American dream for FeldLiterary ambiguity; unclear resolution, materialism vs. true love

Know "The Masque of the Red Death"

Edgar Allen Poe (handout)Gothic genre; flat characters, supernatural, ghastly settings, plot-driven, moral message, external conflicts, physical suffering, distorted physical characteristicsForeshadowingIronyImageryMood; atmosphere

Know "R.M.S Titanic"

Hanson Baldwin (handout)Genre: Narrative essayAuthor's purpose, tone, objective vs subjective elements,Secondary source: objective, historical value, evaluating sources, bias/ accuracyJournalistic elements: (5 W's + 1 H)Narrative structure - use of time and sections to move narrativeChronological - events in sequence on a timelineText structure - author's technique - suspense, foreshadowing, imagery

Know "A Night To Remember" (ANTO)

Walter Lord (online)Secondary source based off primary sources (personal interviews)Author's technique (listen without taking notes, reconstruct testimonies)Author's purpose and tone; objective vs subjective (CH 7)Historical Value + accuracy; the Titanic "Bible"

Chapter Titles (ANTO)

William Murdoch

He was the officer in charge onthe bridge when the shipcollided with an iceberg. He directed the lifeboats on the starboard side.
Died
"Hard-a-starboard!"

Bruce Ismay,Presidentof the WhiteStar Line

President of the White Star Line
Survived
"Do you think the ship is seriously damaged?"

Edward John Smith

Captain of the Titanic - Was planning to retire after the Titanic's voyage
Died
"I'm afraid she is."

Thomas Andrews

Principal designer and builder of the Titanic
Died
"She can't float."

Jack Phillips

Wireless Operator
Died
"CQD! CQD!!!"

Harold Bride

Junior Wireless Operator
Survived - Collapsible B
"Send SOS; it's the new call, and it may be your last chance to send it."

Charles Lightoller

Second OfficerOversaw the lifeboats onthe port side; commandedCollapsible B
Survived
"Women and childrenonly!"

Boxhall

Fourth Officer
Survived
"What's the matter with him, is he blind?"