Micro Chapter 3

Compounds unique to bacteria or certain other microbial groups can be detected by "alarm systems" in the body.

True

The prokaryotic cell envelope consists of which of the following?

extracellular matrix

cell wall

cytoplasmic membrane

nucleoid

capsule

cytoplasm

cell wall

cytoplasmic membrane

capsule

The part of the cell that is enclosed by the cell envelope is called the ______

cytoplasm, cytosol

The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes is composed of a(n) ________ bilayer embedded with proteins.

phospholipid

Which of the following molecules can freely pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

small hydrophobic compounds

ions

water

sugars

O₂

amino acids

CO₂

small hydrophobic compounds

water

O₂

CO₂

Bacterial components unique to bacteria are potential targets for antibacterial medications used to treat infectious diseases.

True

Which mechanisms of energy transformation match which types of organism?

Prokaryote

Eukaryote

Cytoplasmic membrane plays a critical role in transforming energy

Membrane-bound organelles transform energy

prokaryote————>Cytoplasmic membrane plays a critical role in transforming energy

eukaryotes———> Membrane-bound organelles transform energy

The surface layers of a prokaryotic cell are collectively referred to as the cell _______.

envelope

Which of the following are functions of membrane transport systems?

Expel wastes from cell

Break down nutrients for energy creation

Allow nutrients to enter cell

Expel wastes from cell

Allow nutrients to enter cell

The ______ is the inner thick substance of a cell. It is filled with nutrients, ribosomes and enzymes.

cytoplasm

Certain transporters are used by the cell to move waste products and other toxic compounds out of the cytoplasm. These are called _____ pumps

efflux

Which two macromolecules are the major components of cytoplasmic membranes?

carbohydrates

lipids

nucleic acids

waxes

proteins

lipids and proteins

Active transport moves compounds against their concentration gradient. The form of energy used for this purpose is either ______ , or the _____ _______ force.

: ATP or adenosinetriphosphate

Blank 2: proton

Blank 3: motive

The cytoplasmic membrane is a(n) _______permeable barrier of the cell.

semi, selectively

The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotic cells plays a crucial role in transforming energy. This means that the membrane is directly involved in ______.

contributing phospholipids as the primary energy supply

propelling the cell to an energy source

converting the energy of sunlight or food into ATP

converting the energy of sunlight or food into ATP

Cells use a process called________ to move certain enzymes and other proteins they synthesize out of the cell.

secretion

Mechanisms cells use to bring in nutrients and other small molecules are called _____systems

transport

Some bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic by exporting it across the cell membrane. This is most likely due to ______.

efflux pumps

The function of the cell wall is to ______.

store nutrients

contain components for cellular respiration

prevent wastes from entering the cell

prevent the cell from bursting

prevent the cell from bursting

Suppose that the concentration of an ion is higher in the cytoplasm than in the extracellular environment. If the bacterium wants to bring in more of that ion into the cell, which description best describes this type of transport?

requires no energy usage by the cell, moves with the concentration gradient

requires energy from the cell, moves with the concentration gradient

requires energy from the cell, moves against the concentration gradient

requires no energy usage by the cell, moves against the concentration gradient

requires energy from the cell, moves against the concentration gradient

Peptidoglycan provides strength to the cell walls of ______.

archaea

protozoa

bacteria

fungi

bacteria

The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is characterized by ______.

thin layer of chitin

thick layer of chitin

thin layer of peptidoglycan

thick layer of peptidoglycan

thick layer of peptidoglycan

Some secreted proteins will act as _______ outside of the cell and catalyze the breakdown of large macromolecules.

enzymes

Which of the following is a component of Gram-negative cells but not Gram-positive cells?

cytoplasmic membrane

teichoic acid

outer membrane

peptidoglycan

outer membrane

The outer membrane of a Gram-negative cell is a lipid bilayer that contains ______.

lipopeptide

teichoic acid

lipopolysaccharide

peptidoglycan

lipopolysaccharide

Which structure provides strength and rigidity to a cell?

glycocalyx

flagellum

cell membrane

cell wall

cell wall

The strength of the bacterial cell wall is due to the layer of _____

peptidoglycan

Which of the following bacterial components is referred to as endotoxin?

capsule

lipoarabinamannan

lipopolysaccharide

teichoic acid

lipopolysaccharide

Gram______ cell walls have less peptidoglycan than Gram-_______cell walls.

negative, positive

Compounds that interfere with the synthesis or structural integrity of peptidoglycan can ______.

interfere with nutrient uptake by a fungal cell

result in bursting of a fungal cell

result in bursting of a bacterial cell

interfere with nutrient uptake by a bacterial cell

result in bursting of a bacterial cell

This figure shows a micrograph of a Gram_____bacterium.

negative

Bacteria of the genus _______ do not have cell walls, and so they are naturally resistant to the antibiotic _______.

Mycoplasma; tetracycline

Histoplasma; penicillin

Histoplasma; tetracycline

Mycoplasma; penicillin

Mycoplasma; penicillin

The Gram-negative cell wall is characterized by a(n) _______ that contains a molecule called _______.

inner membrane; mycolic acid

inner membrane; lipopolysaccharide

outer membrane; lipopolysaccharide

outer membrane; mycolic acid

outer membrane; lipopolysaccharide

None of the Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. However, some have a similar molecule called ______

pseudopeptidoglycan

Because of its potential lethal effect, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria is sometimes called a(n) _______.

Multiple choice question.

endotoxin

exotoxin

ribotoxin

cytotoxin

endotoxin

A distinct and gelatinous layer surrounding a cell is called a ______.

Multiple choice question.

capsule

slime layer

biofilm

plaque

capsule

Penicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, and lysozyme degrades peptidoglycan. Based on this information, you can conclude that penicillin and lysozyme may result in bursting (lysing) of which type of cells?

Multiple choice question.

protozoan

archaeal

fungal

bacterial

bacterial

Which of the following structures is external and can protect the bacterial cell from various host immune responses?

Multiple choice question.

Capsule

Cell membrane

Flagella

Cell wall

Capsule

Penicillin is ineffective against Mycoplasma species because the organism lacks a rigid ___ ___

cell wall.peptidoglycan layer

What long protein structures are responsible for most types of prokaryotic motility?

Multiple choice question.

Fimbriae

Glycocalyx

Flagella

Pili

Flagella

The outer membrane of a Gram-negative cell is a lipid bilayer that contains ______.

Multiple choice question.

peptidoglycan

lipopolysaccharide

teichoic acid

lipopeptide

lipopolysaccharide

Which three parts comprise a bacterial flagellum?

Multiple select question.

centrioles

hook

periplasmic space

basal body

filament

hook

basal body

filament

Many members of the Archaea have _____-____ , which are sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits.

S layers

In a bacterium, pili are typically _______ than flagella.

longer and more numerous

shorter and less numerous

longer but less numerous

shorter but more numerous

shorter but more numerous

Some bacteria are covered with a substance that creates a diffuse irregular layer called a _____ _____

slime layer

The bacterial _____ is typically a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all of the essential genetic information required by a cell.

chromosome

A ______is a distinct and gelatinous layer on the outside of the cell. Most are composed of polysaccharides but some are made of polypeptides.

capsule

Ribosomes are directly involved in ______.

the synthesis of proteins

The motility of bacteria is typically facilitated by long appendages called _____

flagellum

Previously it was thought that bacteria lacked a(n)______ , a network of interior proteins that provides support and structure to the eukaryotic cell. Recently though, similar proteins have been characterized in bacteria.

cytoskeleton

The flagellum of a Gram-negative bacterium is shown here. A = ; B = ; and C = body.

filament

hook

basil

Multiple Choice Question

_______ are accumulations of high-molecular weight polymers synthesized from a nutrient that a cell has in relative excess.

Storage granules

Vacuole regions

Bacterial microcompartments

Gas vesicles

Storage granules

This micrograph shows the appendages of a bacterium. A = ; and B = .

flagellum, pilli

A typical bacterium possesses ______.

a single, circular chromosome

a single, linear chromosome

multiple, linear chromosomes

multiple, circular chromosomes

a single, circular chromosome

The joining of amino acids to synthesize proteins is facilitated by cytoplasmic structures called

ribosomes

Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access ____ as a source of energy.

light

What internal structure helps control cell shape and is involved in cell division?

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Cytoskeleton

Inclusion body

Cytoskeleton

From a bacterium's perspective, what are the advantages of endospore formation?

Multiple select question.

The endospore allows faster cell replication.

The endospore is more resistant to disinfectants.

Endospores are highly resistant to radiation and heat.

The endospore withstands dry conditions.

The endospore provides cell shape.

The endospore is more resistant to disinfectants.

Endospores are highly resistant to radiation and heat.

The endospore withstands dry conditions.

If a cell has a nutrient in relative excess, it may accumulate that compound in a storage _____

granule

Members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium ______.

Multiple choice question.

are drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens

are the biggest producers of antibiotics

produce dormant cells called endospores

produce dormant cells called endospores

Some bacterial species such as members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium, produce a unique type of dormant cell called a(n)

endospore

The bacterial _____ is typically a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all of the essential genetic information required by a cell.

chromosome

A vegetative cell is one that ______.

Multiple choice question.

has lost its cell wall

is resistant to more than one antibiotic

is a typical multiplying cell

has entered a dormant stage

is a typical multiplying cell

Small, rigid, protein-bound compartments that provide buoyancy to some aquatic bacterial cells are called ____ vesicles

gas

Endospores ______.

Multiple select question.

are very resistant to damaging conditions, including high heat, toxic chemicals, and UV light.

may germinate to produce vegetative cells, which can then multiply.

are common in soil, and can therefore be found nearly anywhere.

are produced by a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negativ

are very resistant to damaging conditions, including high heat, toxic chemicals, and UV light.

may germinate to produce vegetative cells, which can then multiply.

are common in soil, and can therefore be found nearly anywhere.

An endospore can be triggered to______ by a brief exposure to heat or certain chemicals. This results in the formation of a vegetative cell.

germinate

The two most common examples of endospore-forming genera are_______ and ________.

Clostridium

Bacillus or Bacilli

Compared to sporulation, the process of germination is ______.

Multiple choice question.

longer

about the same

shorter

shorter

An endospore is ______.

Multiple choice question.

a dormant cell type

a mode of bacterial reproduction

an obligate intracellular parasite

a type of bacterial microcompartment

a dormant cell type

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, which contains the cell's genetic information.

True false question.

True

False

True

In contrast to an endospore, a typical multiplying cell is called a(n) ______cell.

vegetative

All cells have a ______ membrane, also called the cell membrane or the plasma membrane.

cytoplasmic

Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access_______ as a source of energy.

light(sunlight)

Eukaryotic cells use the process of______ to take in substances too large to move through a transport protein.

endocytosis

Brief exposure to which of the following can induce endospore germination?

Multiple choice question.

moisture

drying

heat

antibiotics

heat

During the endocytic process of _______, the eukaryotic cell takes in liquids by making small invaginations in the membrane, eventually forming a membrane-bound intracellular compartment called an endosome.

pinocytosis

Which process involving endospores takes longer?

Multiple choice question.

Germination

Sporulation

Sporulation

Unlike pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytocis takes up ______ that bind to receptors on the cell surface.

Multiple choice question.

protozoa

ligands

endosomes

viruses

ligands

The most significant structural difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a membrane-bound______ , which contains the genetic material.

nucleus

During the endocytic process of_______ , the eukaryotic cell engulfs large particles such as bacteria, forming a membrane-bound compartment called a phagosome.

phagocytosis

The cytoplasmic membrane is a_____ bilayer embedded with_____

Blank 1: phospholipid or lipid

Blank 2: proteins or protein

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are two of the three examples of

endocytosis

In eukaryotes, a cytoplasmic ribosome has a size of______ , and is made up of a small 40S subunit and a large_____ subunit.

Blank 1: 80S or 80 S

Blank 2: 60S or 60 S

Which term is used to describe the process by which cells take up liquids from the surrounding environment?

Multiple choice question.

Exocytosis

Pinocytosis

Aquacytosis

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

What collective name is given to the various proteins that criss-cross the cell's interior, hold various organelles in place, enable movement of intracellular structures, and give the cell internal structural integrity?

Multiple choice question.

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Golgi

Lysosomes

Cytoskeleton

Which process would take up the greatest variety of substances?

Multiple choice question.

Pinocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Select all that apply

Eukaryotic flagella and cilia are ______.

Multiple select question.

flexible structures

anchored in the outside layer of the cytoplasmic membrane

composed of long microtubules

flexible structures

composed of long microtubules

The engulfment of large particles such as bacteria by a eukaryotic cell is called ______.

Multiple choice question.

exocytosis

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

phagocytosis

Where is DNA contained in eukaryotes?

Multiple choice question.

nucleus

nucleolus

cytoplasm

nucleoid

nucleus

All cells have a _____membrane, also called the cell membrane or the plasma membrane.

cytoplasmic

Multiple Choice Question

The eukaryotic ribosome found outside the mitochondria is best described as ______.

Multiple choice question.

40S + 60S = 80S

30S + 50S = 70S

30S + 60S = 80S

30S + 50S = 80S

40S + 60S = 100S

40S + 60S = 80S

A flexible molecular framework throughout the cytoplasm that anchors organelles and permits shape changes in some cells is called the ._______

cytoskeleton

What is the principal function of mitochondria?

Multiple choice question.

DNA synthesis

secretion

lipid synthesis

ATP production

motility

ATP production

Although eukaryotic flagella and cilia appear to project out of the cell, they are covered by extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane.

True false question.

True

False

True

In plant and algae cells______, are organelles that contain pigments for photosynthesis.

chloroplast

In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is found in the .______

nucleus

The _______ of eukaryotic cells is a complex system of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes.

Multiple choice question.

Golgi apparatus

lysosomal complex

peroxisome

endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria

endoplasmic reticulum

Which eukaryotic organelle consists of a series of membrane-bound flattened compartments?

Multiple choice question.

peroxisome

chloroplast

rough endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus

mitochondrion

golgi apparatus

What is the main function of lysosomes?

Multiple choice question.

aggregation

secretion

motility

degradation

synthesis

degradation

____________
function as ATP-generating powerhouses and are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells.

mitochondria