Fats

What are lipids?

* Hydrophobic
* Chemical properties don’t allow water and lipids don’t get along
* ALL lipids are hydrophobic

All fats are lipids but…

NOT ALL lipids are fats

Only fats have calories, but how many?

* 9kcal/g

What are fats?

* Triglycerides
* ester bonds

What are ester bonds?

They hold FA to glycerol

What do ester bonds do?

Esterification and De-esterification

What kind of fatty acids on a trig of salmon fat?

Omega 3s aka PUFAs

What kind of fats do animal foods have?

Saturated fats

What kind of fats are on a trig in olive oil?

MUFAs

How is chain length determined?

By how many carbons are on the chain/ fat

What are the 3 chains?

1. Short chain fatty acid
2. Medium chain fatty acid
3. Long chain fatty acid

What is the fatty acid differences?

* Length/ chain type
* Saturation

What is cholesterol?

Is ONLY in animal foods

What are triglyceride types in meats?

Saturated fats

* exception is fatty fish

What are triglyceride types in plants?

MUFAs and PUFAs

* exception is coconut oil

What are triglyceride types in nuts and seeds?

MUFAs

What are triglyceride types in junk foods?

PUFAs

What is lipolysis?

De-esterification = breaking ester bonds

What does lipase do?

Catabolize trigs

What do all lipases do?

BREAK TRIGS DOWN + DE-ESTERIFY

What are the digestive lipases?

1. Lingual
2. Gastric
3. Pancreatic

Where is lingual lipase?

Mouth

Where is gastric lipase?

Stomach

Where is pancreatic lipase?

in the SI and made in the pancreas

Adipocyte lipases

* ATGL: Adipose TriG lipase

What does ATGL do?

Starts the process and is the substrate

What is HSL?

Hormone sensitive lipase

What is MGL?

Monoglyceride lipase

What does the MGL do?

Ends the process and is the last stage of breaking down a TRIG

What is lipolysis also known as?

De-esterification

What are IMTGs?

They are the fats in the muscle cells

What is lipogenesis?

Esterification AKA making trigs

Where does lipogenesis happen?

* Adipocytes
* Muscle cells
* IMTGs

When is fat stored as trigs?

ALWAYS

What is fat to fuel ?

Hormones stimulate lipolysis

Hormones turn on to stimulate what?

* HGL


* MGL
* ATGL

HCL helps with what digestion?

Protein and not fat

What happens in the mouth?

Lingual lipase chemical chewing

What happens in the stomach?

Gastric lipase is the chemical digestion

What happens in the SI?

Pancreatic lipase is the chemical dig

What fats does the body absorb?

* Monoglycerides
* Fatty acids
* Glycerol
* Cholesterol

What are the accessory organs?

Liver: Makes bile

Gallbladder: stores bile

HCL and Bile both do what?

Make digestion more efficient to their specific macronutrient

What is biles role in digestion

Helps break down the globs of fat down into more globs so that lipases have better access to trigs

What do people with no gallbladder do?

Eat less fat because they cant digest them as easy

What are the fat soluble fats?

* Cholesterol
* Fats
* ADEK

Where are fat soluble absorbed into?

In the lymph

What are Lipoproteins?

* How fats transported around the blood
* Prevents fats from glob
* Spheres that are h2o soluble on the outside and fat soluble on the inside

What is the mailman reference?

As it gets rid of fat/ delivering it, it gets smaller

What is an LDL?

* Lipoprotein lipase
* Vessel walls
* Mailtruck

What is chylomicron?

Absorb nutrients from GI tract

What is a Chylomicron Remnant?

The smaller version of the chylomicron= less fats

What happens in the liver?

Breaks CR down and repackages everything into anew lipoprotein called VLDL

What is a VLDL?

and LDL

What is an LDL?

Smaller version of the VLDL

* IS THE BAD CHOLESTEROL

What is HDL?

GOOD CHOLESTEROL

* scavenges cholesterol from the blood

What is the bad cholesterol?

LDL

What is the good cholesterol?

HDL

Is bad cholesterol also a lipoprotein?

YES

What do HDLs do?

House lipids

What happens after a meal?

Increased Chylomicrons

What happens between meals?

Increased LDLs

What happens when there is a high fat diet and Increased LDLs?

* Increased fat absorption
* Increased VLDLs
* Increased LDLs
* Increased Chylomicrons

What does the LPL do in the muscle cell?

Released the fats from their transport

What does the FATP do in the muscle cell?

Gets fatty acids into the cell and is the transporter

What is FATB?

The chaperone to get it into the sarcoplasm

What is the CPT?

Into the mitochondria

What is the function of anabolism in the muscle cell?

To build into a trig and also build cell membranes

What is the function of storage in the muscle cell?

Stored as trigs so IMTGs

What is the function of storage in an adipocyte?

Stored as a trig

What 4 things are dietary lipids used for?

1. Hormones
2. Vitamin D
3. Bile
4. Cell membrane

What is the function of hormones in fat?

* Steroid hormone- made from cholesterol
* Sex hormones- estrogen and testosterone

What is the function of Vitamin D?

Skin and UV light

What is the anabolism of a cell membrane?

* DOMS
* Hypertrophy
* Re-modeling

These all turn fats into phospholipids and into the bilayer

How is energy made and used with fats?

Only machine in the body that uses fats for energy is the mitochondria

* Beta ox
* ETC
* Krebs

When is it best to use fat as a fuel, what intensity?

Low- moderate

What do plasma FFAs do?

Come from adipose tissue and the diet

Where do other fat sources come from to use for fuel?

* IMTGs
* Lipoproteins

What 2 things catabolize hormones faster and increase fat oxidation?

* Glucagon
* Growth hormone

What happens the longer you fast?

The more you catabolize the hormones

What are the hormones that catabolize more?

* Glucagon
* Epinephrine
* Growth hormone

What happens with lower glucagon levels?

Drives fat use at longer durations

How much are lipoproteins used as a source of energy during exercise?

NEVER

What are plasma FFAs bound to?

Albumin

What does lipolysis break a triglyceride down to?

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

What happens with glycerol in blood transportation?

Goes into the liver and then gluconeogenesis occurs

What transporter does the cell membrane use?

FATPs

What transporter does the sarcoplasm use?

FABP

What transporter does the mitochondrial membrane use?

CPT

What transporters can you use if youre ALREADY IN the muscle cell?

FABP and CPT

IF youre using IMTGs then what 2 things happen?

* Dont need albumin
* Dont need FATPs

If you dont have CoA then what happens?

NO CPT transporter

What is the activation step?

Adding CoA which is the enzyme that activates FFAs

What is the acronym that summarizes fat as a fuel?

MTTATO

What does the M stand for?

Mobilization

What is the mobilization?

Lipolysis

* ATGL
* HSL
* MGL

PRODUCTS= 3 FA and 1 glycerol

What do the 3 Ts stand for?

Transport x 3!!!!

What does the first transport step do?

Transports from adipose tissue and creates glycerol into the liver which creates gluconeogenesis

\
* AND fatty acids to muscle by albumin

What does the second transport step do?

* FATP: Into muscle cell
* FABP: Chaperone inside the muscle cell

What does the A stand for?

Activation