FINAL EXAM REVIEW - Honors Chemistry

Paired electrons: 2

Lone pairs: 0

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: linear

MG: linear

Bond Angle: 180

Paired electrons: 3

Lone pairs: 0

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: trigonal planar

MG: trigonal planar

Bond Angle: 120

Paired electrons: 2

Lone pairs: 1

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: trigonal planar

MG: bent

Bond Angle:

Paired electrons: 4

Lone pairs: 0

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: tetrahedral

MG: tetrahedral

Bond Angle: 109.5

Paired electrons: 3

Lone pairs: 1

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: tetrahedral

MG: trigonal pyramidal

Bond Angle:

Paired electrons: 2

Lone pairs: 2

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: tetrahedral

MG: bent

Bond Angle:

Paired electrons: 5

Lone pairs: 0

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: trigonal bipyramidal

MG: trigonal bipyramidal

Bond Angle: 90, 120, and 180

Paired electrons: 4

Lone pairs: 1

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: trigonal bipyramidal

MG: seesaw

Bond Angle:

Paired electrons: 3

Lone pairs: 2

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: trigonal bipyramidal

MG: T-shaped

Bond Angle:

Paired electrons: 2

Lone pairs: 3

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: trigonal bipyramidal

MG: linear

Bond Angle: 180

Paired electrons: 6

Lone pairs: 0

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: octahedral

MG: octahedral

Bond Angle: 90 and 180

Paired electrons: 5

Lone pairs: 1

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: octahedral

MG: square pyramidal

Bond Angle:

Paired electrons: 4

Lone pairs: 2

What is the electron-pair geometry (EG), molecular geometry (MG), and bond angle?

EG: octahedral

MG: square planar

Bond Angle: 90 and 180

Who discovered the proton? How?

Goldstein - used cathode ray tube

Who discovered the neutron? How?

Chadwick in 1942 - gold foil experiment

Who discovered the electron? How?

J.J. Thomson - cathode ray tube

mono-

1

di-

2

tri-

3

tetra-

4

penta-

5

hexa-

6

hepta-

7

octa-

8

nona-

9

deca-

10

chemistry

the scientific study of the composititon, structure, and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes

mass

a measure of the amount of matter in an object

atom

the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element

element

a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number

compound

a substance made of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

extensive properties

a property that depends on the extent or size of a system

intensive properties

a property that does not depend on the amount of matter present, such a pressure, temperature, or density

physical property

a characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change, such as density, color, or hardness

chemical property

a property of matter that describes a substance’s ability to participate in chemcial reactions

chemical change

a change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties

physical change

a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties

solid

the state of matter in which the volume and shape of a substance are fixed

liquid

the state of matter that has a definite volume but not a definite shape

gas

a form of matter that does not have a definite volume or shape

plasma

in physical science, a state of matter that starts as a gas and then becomes ionized, it consists of free-moving ions and electrons, it takes on an electric charge, and its properties differ from those of a solid, liquid, or gas

mixture

a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

homogeneous mixture

describes something that has a uniform structure or composistion throughout

heterogeneous mixture

composed of dissimilar components

solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout a single phase

metal

an element that is shiny and conducts heat and electricity well

nonmetal

an element that conducts heat and electricity poorly and that does not form positive ions in an electrolytic solution

metalloid

an element that has properties of both metals and nonmentals; sometimes reffered to as a semiconductor

What is chemistry?

chemistry is the study of composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes matter undergoes.

what branch of chemistry is most concerned with the study of carbon compounds?

organic chemistry

In which of the six branches of chemistry would a scientist be working if he or she were doing the following:

a. investigating for various reacters

b. comparing properties of alcohols with those of sugars

c. studying reactions that occur during the digestion of food

a. physical chemistry

b. organic chemistry

c. biochemistry

How does the composition of a pure compound differ from that of a mixture?

A pure compound is in a fixed ratio where everything is equal in proportion. In a mixture, it is not in a fixed ratio and composed of many varying elements and compounds, etc., to form a mixture.

a. define property

b. how are properties useful in classifying materials?

a. A property is the physical and chemical characteristics and traits that matter/substances present.

b. Properties are useful in classifying materials because it narrows down the traits to a simpler and broader category to help identify what it might be.

What is the difference between intensive properties and extensive properties?

Intensive properties do not rely on the amount of matter present, while extensive properties are dependent on the amount of matter present.

a. define chemical property

b. list two examples of chemical properties

a. Chemical property is the property of matter that describes the substance’s ability to participate in chemical reactions.

b. Flammibility and reactivity are only two examples of what a chemical property may be.

Distinguish between a physical change and a chemical change.

A physical change of matter only changes the outward appearance of a substance, but doesn’t change its chemical composistion. An example would be ice melting to plain water: the fact that it is still H2O doesn’t change, only the way the matter presents itself. A chemical change would be the change in the composition and structure of matter. An example would be a piece of wood burning in a firepit: the wood’s structure changes to ash and no longer is considered wood.

a. How does solid differ from a liquid

b. How does a liquid differ from a gas

c. How is a liquid similar to a gas

d. What is a plasma

a. A solid has a definite shape and volume and the particles are tightly packed together, leaving less room for movement. A liquid has definite volume, but not shape. The particles are not as tightly packed, leaving more room for movement.

b. A liquid differs from a gas because its particles are closer together; gases have very stretched apart particles. A gas has no definite shape or volume.

c. A liquid is similar to a gas because they both take up space, but have no definite shape. If they were to be in a container, for example, but don’t hold that shape once released. Their particles are also constantly in motion, colliding with one another and are more spaced apart than that of a solid form.

d. A plasma is a state of matter that starts as a gas and becomes ionized, has free-moving ions and electrons. It differs between the states of a solid, liquid, and gas.

What is meant by a change in state?

A change of state refers to the physical change of matter (ice →water, solid → liquid): the arrangement between particles and how they bond.

Compare the physical properties of metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and noble gases, and describe where in the periodic table each of these kinds of elemets are located.

Metals are shiny, conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile, solid at room temperature, and have high melting points. Nonmetals conduct hear and electiricty poorly, are brittle, have low density and melting points, and aren’t lusterous. Metalloids have physical properties that vary between metals and nonmetals. Noble gases have low boiling points, gaseous at room temperature, no color/odor, are nonflammable and have low chemical reactivity (located on the far right of the periodic table). Metals are to the left of the stair-step line (except for hydrogen), nonmetals are to the right side of the line, metalloids make up the stair-step line.

Suppose element Z is a poor conductor of electricity and breaks when hit with a hammer. Element Z is a good conductor of electiricy and heat. IN what area of the periodic table does each element most likely belong?

Element X would belong in the nonmetal area of the periodic table because it is a poor conductor of electricity. Element Z would belong in the metal area of the periodic table.

An unknown element is shiny and is found to be a good conductor of electricity. What other properties would you predict for it?

I’d predict that the unknown metal should be solid at room temperature (77 degree F), malleable, ductile, and should have a high melting point.

How can you tell the difference between an element and compound?

An element cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. A compound is comprised of two or more elements and can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Identify each of the following as either a physical change or a chemcical change. Explain your answers.

a. A piece of wood is sawed in half

b. Milk turns sour

c. Melted butter solidifies in the refrigerator

a. This is a physical change: the chemical composition of the wood is still the same, just the mass of the object changed.

b. Milk turning sour is a chemical change: the taste has changed and so has the chemical composition of it.

c. This is a physical change: the butter went from one state to another (liquid →solid) without changed the chemical appearance of it.

qualitative

pertaining to or concerned with quality or qualities

Weight

a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object; its value can change with the location of the object in the universe

Density

the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance; often expressed as grams per cubic centimeter for solids and liquids and as grams per liter for gases

conversion factor

a ratio that is derived from the equality of two different units and that can be used to onvert from one unit to the other

quantitative

of or relating to the describing or measuring of quantity

percentage error

a figure that is calculated by subtracting the accepted value from the experimental value, dividing the difference by the accepted value, and then multiplying by 100

dimensional analysis

a mathematical technique for studying dimensions of physical quantities

accuracy

a description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured

volume

a measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space

significant figures

a prescribed decimal place that determines the amount of rounding off to be done based on the precision of the measurement.

scientific notation

a method of expressing a quantity as a number multiplied by 10 to the appropriate power

SI

the International System of Units, which is the measurement system that is accepted worldwide.

precision

the exactness of a measurement

system

a set of particles or interacting components considered to be a distinct entity for the purpose of study

quantity

something that has magnitude, size, or amount

derived units

a unit of measure that is a combination of other measurements

Cu+

cuprous (copper I)

Cu^2+

cupric (copper II)

Which is the lower charge?

Higher charge?

\-ous = lower charge

\-ic = higher charge

Co^2+

colbaltous (cobalt II)

Co^3+

colbaltic (cobalt III)

Fe^2+

ferrous (iron II)

Fe^3+

Ferric (iron III)

Sn^2+

stannous (tin II)

Sn^4+

stannic (tin IV)

Cr^2+

chromous (chromium II)

Cr^3+

chromic (chromium III)

Pb^2+

plumbous (lead II)

Pb^4+

plumbic (lead IV)

Examples:


1. CO
2. CO2
3. PCl3
4. SO2
5. P2O5
6. CCl4
7. Cl2O
8. CBr4
9. N2O5

1. carbon monoxide
2. carbon dioxide
3. phosphorus trichloride
4. sulfur dioxide
5. diphosphorus pentoxide
6. carbon tetrachloride
7. dichlorine monoxide
8. carbon tetrabromide
9. dinitrogen pentoxide

\-ate

common form, containing oxygen

Ex: chlorate (ClO3^-), nitrate (NO3^-), sulfate (SO4^2-)

\-ite

one less oxygen that -ate.

Ex. chlorite (ClO2^-), nitrite (NO2^-), sulfite (SO3^2-)

per-, -ate

one more oxygen than -ate

Ex. perchlorate (ClO4^-) perbromate (BrO4^-)

Hypo-, -ite

one less oxygen than -ite

Ex. hypochlorite (ClO^-), hypobromite (BrO^-)

Thio-

Replace an O with an S

Ex. Thiosulfate (S2O3^2-), Thiosulfite (S2O2^2-)

Naming compounds with polyatomic ions:

1. recognize the polyatomic ion in the compound.
2. The cation is named first followed by the anion with the -ide ending (unless it is a polyatomic ion)
3. If there are more than 2 of the polyatomic ions parenthesis are needed around the polyatomic ion to indicate the number of the polyatomic ion.

Ex.


1. KMnO4
2. Al2(SO3)3
3. (NH4)3PO4
4. NaNO3
5. Ca3(PO4)2
6. Potassium hydroxide
7. Lithium carbonate
8. NaClO3

1. potassium permanganate
2. aluminum sulfite
3. ammonium phosphate
4. sodium nitrate