AP European Flash Cards

1st Estate

"The Clergy"--Make up 1% of the population. Religious leaders who own 10% of the land. Did not pay taxes.

2nd Estate

"The Nobles"\---Make up 2% of population, but owns 25% of land. Paid no taxes, held highest offices in government. Controlled the most wealth.

3rd Estate

everybody else; paid most of the taxes and had the least amount of property\---less political rights than the first two estates

30 Years' War

(1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation

100 Years' War

a war between England and France from 1337 to 1453. France won, mainly because of Joan of Arc. It was started by Edward III of England to claim the French throne. It brought about new styles of warfare.

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations, a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically. It allowed farm workers to move to cities because their human capital was no longer required due to higher efficiency.

Albrecht Durer

Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles)

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism and separation of church and state,

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.

Baron Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

Baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

composed of grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, dynamism, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various arts

Bartholomew Diaz

First European to reach the southern tip of Africa (1487-1488)

Battle of Trafalgar

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson (Nelson became a martyr figure due to his death in the battle)

Battle of Waterloo

This was the battle that Napoleon lost to the 7th Coalition after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

Black Death

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, killing millions

Bourbon Dynasty

Dynasty in France started by the reign of King Henry IV, powerful and EXTREMELY wealthy, rulers of this Dynasty wanted hegemony (dominant power), wanted to see shift of balance of power\----absolutism

Cardinal Richelieu

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism. Suspected of being a Catholic (eventually converted to Catholicism on deathbed)

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents. He sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.

Christine de Pisan

A Venetian-born woman of the medieval era who strongly challenged misogyny and stereotypes prevalent in the male-dominated realm of the arts and writing

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journeys until the time of his death in 1503.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A body of legislation passed in July 1790 that redefined the relationship between the clergy and the state in France. It allowed for the confiscation of church property formerly used to support the clergy, replacing it with a guarantee of state salaries for clergymen instead. It also stipulated that parish priests and bishops be elected just like public officials. The National Assembly attempted to enforce it by requiring the clergy to take an oath, divided public opinion of the French Revolution (1789-99) and galvanized religious opposition.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Concordat of 1801

This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power

Congress of Vienna of 1814-1815

Meeting to end the Napoleonic Wars. Conservative representatives from the coalition that defeated Napoleon wanted to undo the changes of the revolution. Representatives attempted to restore the balance of power in Europe and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals in the future. Boundaries of continental Europe were also redrawn

Constitution of 1793

Very radical; Most democratic constitution in history; Called for universal manhood suffrage (all men can vote); Right to referendum (right to raise issues to the government); Made education and welfare the job of the government; It was never put into effect because after its writing, the government suspended it due to a "state of emergency"

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Consumer Revolution

time period during which the desire for exotic imports increased dramatically due to economic expansion and population growth

Copernican Theory

Theory that the sun is the center of our universe and all the planets orbit around it (HELIOCENTRIC MODEL)

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. Merchants would usually give peasants raw materials, take the finished goods from them, and give them some payment. This was a key factor in bringing down the system of guilds

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany. (1555)

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens (1789)

The Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.

Edict of Worms

declared Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire and his works were to be burned and Luther himself captured and delivered to the emperor

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Edward VI

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.

Enclosures

One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1642 to 1649; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Frederick II of Prussia

(1740-1786), known as Frederick the Great, embraced culture and literature, forced Empress Maria Theresa to cede Silesia to him, violating the Pragmatic Sanction, spent much of his reign fighting to save Prussia from destruction, kept his enthusiasm for Enlightenment culture strictly separated from a brutual concept of international politics, realized more humane policies for his subjects might strengthen the state

Frederick William of Prussia (the Great Elector)

The Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia (r. 1640-1688) who brought his nation through the end of the Thirty Years' War and then succeeded in welding his scattered lands into an absolutist state.

French Wars of Religion

(1562-1598) Huguenots vs. Catholics results in Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) taking the throne as Henry IV, caused by calvinism and catholicism. aggressive in trying to win converts to their religion, went over each others authority.

Galileo Galilei

This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.

Great Fear

The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.

Habsburg Dynasty

The family that controlled the Holy Roman Empire after the thirteenth century; based in Vienna, they ruled Austria until 1918.

Henry VII

first Tudor king of England from 1485 to 1509

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements\---more positive outlook on life

Ignatius of Loyola

(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)

Jacobins

The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror.

James I

Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

James II

(r. 1685-1688) a Catholic king who greatly angered Parliament nobles and whose actions led to the *Glorious Revolution*

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Highly misogynistic, however

Jean-Paul Marat

French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)

Johann Sebastian Bach

Baroque composer

Johann Tetzel

A monk Luther found offensive because he sold indulgences with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press

Johannes Kepler

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

The Legislative Assembly

A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791.

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Louis XVI

King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symmetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.

Maria Theresa of Austria

(r. 1740-80) Daughter of Charles XI of the Austrian Habsburgs, she was to succeed him after his death by way of the Pragmatic Sanction. When Frederick II seizes Silesia out of her grasp, she fails to return the province to the Austrians, but successfully manages to preserve Habsburg power. She won support from her subjects, as well as the Magyar nobility in supporting her in the war.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Mary I

This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants\---"Bloody Mary"

Maximillian Robespierre

is one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his arrest and execution in 1794.

Medici family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812).

Napoleon's Russia Campaign

Napoleon, in his quest to take over Europe, had to attack Russia. He rode in in the summer with 600,000 men, expecting it to be an easy victory. The Russians, however, were prepared for him. They burned all of the villages the French came to and then retreated, which lead the French further and further into the country and closer and closer to winter, with dwindling supplies. They turned around once they hit Moscow, but the winter was to be one of the coldest in history and their supplies were not enough to last even long enough to get to Moscow. As a result, Napoleon left Russia with only 100,000 men.