Unit 6: INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY

IMMUNE SYSTEM

A complex network of organs, cells, and proteins defends the body against infection, while protecting the body's own cell.

three

IMMUNE SYSTEM Consist of ___________ layers of defense

SKIN

Barrier Immunity = _____________

Barrier Immunity

Level 1:

Innate Immunity

Level 2

Acquired (adaptive) immunity

Level 3

BARRIER IMMUNITY

composed of stromal cells such as keratinocytes and adipocytes and immune cells such as Langerhans and T cells working in concert to prevent pathogen entry and to deal with continuous physical and chemical challenges

stromal cells: keratinocytes and adipocytes

immune cells: Langerhans and T cells

BARRIER IMMUNITY composed of _____________ such as ___________________ and ________________ such as __________________ working in concert to prevent pathogen entry and to deal with continuous physical and chemical challenges

Adipocytes

store fats in adipose tissue

Skin

Epithelial Cell

Lacrimal Fluid

BARRIER IMMUNITY: Important Structure

EPIDERMIS

Contains keratinocytes (keratinized)

DERMIS

Where keratinization starts

Desquamation

shedding of skin epithelium to remove microorganisms adhered on the surface

Respiratory epithelium (lining)

Nasal and Pharyngeal epithelium

Gastrointestinal epithelium

Genitourinary epithelium

Important structure: EPITHELIAL CELLS

Mucus layer

lubricating agent; support

short urethra

Female is more prone to UTI due to ______

LACRIMAL FLUID

Forms an aqueous component of tear film, which is a three-layered coating of the ocular surface

LACRIMAL FLUID

Contains lysozymes

HEMATOPOIESIS

The formation of blood and its developmental process of the formed elements (erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes in the blood.

HEMATOPOIESIS

bleeding.

If PLATELETS are low, increased risk for ____________

INNATE IMMUNITY

an immediate response to a pathogen that does not confer long-lasting protective immunity and is a nonspecific defense system and includes barriers to infectious agents.

Neutrophils (Polymorphonu clear leukocytes)

Eosinophils (Polymorphonu clear leukocytes)

Basophils (Polymorphonu clear leukocytes)

Monocytes

Mast cells

Macrophage

Dendritic cell

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNITY

Neutrophils

Most abundant immune cells (60-70%).

Neutrophils

A phagocyte that kills and eats the pathogen

Neutrophils

Contains various enzymes in their granules

Neutrophils

Normally found in the bloodstream

Neutrophils

Has 3 nucleus

Granulocyte

has granules

histamine

Undergoes degranulation to release the inside of a granule (ex. ______________)

Eosinophils

Makes up at least 1-3% of the white blood cell

60-70%

Neutrophils Most abundant immune cells (___________).

Eosinophils

Contains different granules

Eosinophils

Responsible in fighting multicellular parasites and some bacteria

Eosinophils

Tissue damage and inflammation and diseases including asthma

Eosinophils

Has 2 nucleus

Indicate asthma and parasitic effect

High Eosinophils =

Basophils

Least common among the white blood cells

Basophils

Important role in fighting parasitic infection

Basophils

Also have role in blood clotting

Basophils

Involved in allergic reactions

autoimmune disease and parasitic effect

High Basophils =

Basophils

Has 1 nucleus

Monocytes

circulate in the blood. • Cell with one lobed nucleus.

Monocytes

Has 1 nucleus

Monocytes

Can mature into macrophage

Mast cells

Reside in connective tissue and mucous membrane

Mast cells

are associated in wound healing and microbial defense

Mast cells

nvolved in serious allergic reaction

histamine and heparin, serotonin

Mast cells Have granules containing _______________

vasodilation, lower BP

Histamine can cause ___________________,, and cause healing.

catecholamine

vasoconstriction

Serotonin is a _____________ which are neurochemicals that activate neurons; can also cause ___________

blood clots.

Heparin is an endogenous wound healing, can remove _________

Heparin

_________ as exogenous are drugs that are anticoagulant, which in overdose can increase risk of bleeding as blood clotting is inactivated

: Protamine

(antagonize heparin)

Macrophage

Least common among the white blood cells

Macrophage

Important role in fighting parasitic infections

Also have role in blood clotting • Involved in allergic reactions

branch

"dendrite" means _________

Dendritic cell •

Located in tissues in contact with external environment

Dendritic cell •

Are a type of antigen presenting cells

Langerhan Cells

Dendritic cell Also known as "______________"

Cell wall releases antigen -> Antibody binds -> antigen-antibody complex formed -> dendritic cell recognizes them and binds to them -> introduces it to T-cells (adaptive immunity)

Dendritic cell action

Dendritic cel

Antibody recognizes specific antigens

Natural killer

Do not attack microbes • Kill our own defective cells (tumor cells and virus infected cells)

L:upus

Disorder in which attack our own cellls

Prednisone

(lowers NK cells)

↑ Mast cells ○ ↑ Basophils ○ ↑ Macrophage ○ ↑ Monocytes

Allergic Reactions:

↑ Eosinophils ○ ↑ Macrophage ○ ↑ Basophils ○ ↑ Monocytes

Parasitic Infections:

Alveolar macrophage: Lung alveoli

Kupffer cells: Liver

Microglia: Central nervous system

Splenic macrophage:Spleen, marginal zone, red and white pulp

TYPE OF MACROPHAGE and their location

Alveolar macrophage

Phagocytosis of small particles, dead cells or bacteria

Alveolar macrophage

Initiation and control of immunity to respiratory pathogens

Kupffer cells

• Initiate immune responses and hepatic tissue remodeling

Microglia

• Elimination of old or dead neurons and control of immunity in the brain

Splenic macrophage

Elimination of dysfunctional or old red blood cells

apoptosis

Macrophage do _________

dead cells, mostly RBC

Spleen removes _________

Splenomegaly

(indication for anemia)

3-4

Hematopoiesis is _______ months

remodel and renew itself

Liver can _________

stool

Old red blood cells are secreted in ____

Macrophages

atherosclerosis.

_______ engulf pathogens or lipids and does apoptosis, going into the lining of blood vessels. Platelets will be signaled to surround them, thus creating plaque and leading to ________

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

Made up of a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one another to opsonize pathogens and induce a series of inflammatory responses that help to fight infection.

Classical pathway

MB-lectin pathway

Alternative pathway

component of COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

vertebrals

non-vertebrates

Classical Pathway are for ________

Alternative Pathway are for __________

C3 convertase

Complement activation is to produce ___________

Opsonization

antibodies cover the microbe so that macrophage can detect and eat it.

17TH CENTURY

vitro

In ____________, It was discovered that blood from animals could kill bacteria, in __________, However, when heated, cannot

guinea pigs

cholera

Heat treated blood from _________ recovered from _______ was transferred into new healthy animals. ● Became protected from infection, even though heat treated blood cannot kill cholera in vitro.

Jules Bordet (1870-1961)

Determined two distinct protective components in the blood

heat-stable component

heat-labile component

two distinct protective components in the blood

heat-stable component

Protected guinea pig in vitro 2.

heat-labile component

Loses capacity when heated in vitro.

Paul Ehrlich

Identify Heat-labile component was called as "COMPLEMENT" ● Heat-stable component was called as "ANTIBODIES"

COMPLEMENT

ANTIBODIES

Identify Heat-labile component was called as "_____________" ● Heat-stable component was called as "__________"

Complement

A collection of PROTEINS that circulate in the blood

ZYMOGENS

Complement system are_____________ as they are inactivated initially, but when activated causes a series of cleaving of different enzymes to activate

nine (9)

There are _______ main complement proteins

"C"

number

Nomenclature: Named with a _____ followed by a _______

smaller

ANAPHYLATOXIN

"a" fragment is the_______ fragment: ________

"a" fragment

Can cause anaphylaxis (allergic rxn) ; acts as antigen