ANSC 1000 Exam 3

Vulva, clitoris

Name the external genitalia of females

Vagina

This organ is found between the external genitalia and cervix; in domestic animals, the urethra empties into it. It is the site of semen deposition during natural service for bulls and rams and passageway for the fetus at birth.

Cervix

This organ lies between the vagina and uterus and is composed primarily of connective tissue.

It is the site of semen deposition during natural service by boars and stallions and seals the uterus during pregnancy, thus protecting the fetus from microorganisms

Uterus

This organ is the site of placental attachment and is composed of the body and horns in farm animals. It nourishes the growing fetus and expels it at parturition

13-37

In farm animals, placental attachment happens in ___ days

Oviduct

This organ is a long convoluted tube connecting the uterine horns to the infundibulum. The upper ⅓, nearest to the ovaries, is the site of fertilization and sperm is transported here via muscle contractions

Ovaries

This organ consists of two paired bodies whose size varies by species. It produces the female gamete and female sex hormones

Ovum

What is the female gamete?

Estrogen, progesterone

What are the female sex hormones?

20

A hen is sexually mature at ___ weeks

Right

Even though a hen has two ovaries and oviducts, only the ___ ones work

Infundibulum, magnus, isthmus, uterus, vagina

Name the parts of a hen's oviduct from beginning to end

oviduct

Sperm are stored in primary sperm-host glands in the ___

~2, ~40

When a female is born, she has ___ million eggs in her body. At puberty, she has ___ thousand eggs left

Graffian

A mature follicle, also called a ___ follicle, is a follicle that is ready to ovulate

Ruptured, released

During ovulation, the follicle ___ and the ovum is ___ to be caught by the infundibulum

Corpus luteum

After the ovum escapes from the mature follicle, cells of the follicle are structurally and biochemically transformed into a "yellow body" called a ___

Progesterone production

What is the very important job the CL has?

Estrogen

Name that hormone!

Excitatory hormone in female (induces heat)

Stimulates growth of cells of the uterus and oviduct in preparation for conception and pregnancy

Coordinates events associated w/ sperm and egg transport

Initiates duct growth and development in the mammary tissue

Secondary sex characteristics of the female (feminine traits characteristic of species, site of fat deposition)

Follicle rupture, CL development, progesterone production

After a follicle becomes mature, and a surge of LH is released, what happens?

Progesterone

Name that hormone!

Maintains pregnancy

Completes uterine growth initiated by estrogen and thus prepares the uterus for nourishment of the developing embryo if pregnancy occurs

Supports pregnancy by maintaining the quiescent state of the reproductive tract and suppresses mating behavior

Prevents ovulation

Stimulates growth and development of the secretory tissue in the mammary system

Duration of gestation, availability of food

The initiation of the estrous cycle is based on what factors?

Cow, sow

Name two livestock animals that are polyestrous

Mare, ewe

Name two livestock animals that are seasonally polyestrous

Standing to be mounted, mounting other animals, social behavior, frequent urination, mucous discharge

List the signs of estrus

19-23, 21, 16

A cow has her estrous cycle for a range of ___ days, with an average of ___ days, and is in estrus for ___ hours

30, 278-290, 12

A cow ovulates ___ hours after estrus begins and their gestation period is ___ days, so they should be inseminated ___ hours after the onset of estrus

19-23, 21, 1-3

A sow has her estrous cycle for a range of ___ days, with an average of ___ days, and is in estrus for ___ days

30-38, 111-115, 24-36

A sow ovulates ___ hours after estrus begins and their gestation period is ___ days, so they should be inseminated ___ hours after the onset of estrus

10-37, 21, 4-6

A mare has her estrous cycle for a range of ___ days, with an average of ___ days, an is in estrus for ___ days

24, 335-345

A mare ovulates ___ hours before the end of estrus and their gestation period is ___ days. She must be palpated to determine follicle size before being inseminated

14-19, 17, 1-2

An ewe has her estrous cycle for a range of ___ days, with an average of ___ days, and is in estrus for ___ days

26, 145-155, 12-18

An ewe ovulates ___ hours after estrus begins and their gestation period is ___ days, so they should be inseminated ___ hours after the onset of estrus

2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, morula, blastocyst, embryo, fetus

List the stages of development from two gametes to a fetus

Chorionic, allantoic, amniotic, chorion

___, ___, and ___ membranes develop around the new embryo, and the ___ attaches to the uterus

22, 13, 37, 15

Placental attachment begins at ___ days in cows, ___ days in sows, ____ days in mares, and ___ days in ewes

Sow, mare

Which livestock animals have a diffuse placenta?

Cow, ewe

Which livestock animals have a cotyledonary placenta?

pig

Which livestock animal's offspring do not orient themselves in a specific position during birth?

heavy birth weight, mom's age, abnormal presentation

What are the factors that can lead to dystocia?

nutrition, environment, anatomical defects in the reproductive tract, endocrine system imbalance, diseases

What are the factors that affect reproductive performance?

flushing

___ refers to increasing the level of nutrition ~30 days before breeding

82

How many days do you have between gestation periods in a cow?

30-60

It is recommended that cattle be fed hay, silage, and/or range cubes beginning ___ days before calving and continuing at least until the cattle are rebred

first time lactating, still growing, uterine involution

Why is it so important for heifers to be given extra nutrients when calving?

65, 13-15

Replacement heifers should be separated from the main herd and provided either excellent grazing or supplemental feed so they will reach ___% of expected mature weight at breeding (___ months of age)

500, 600, 650

An Angus heifer weighs ___ lbs when 50% in heat, ___ lbs when 65-70% in heat, and ___ lbs when 85-90% in heat

600, 650, 700

A Hereford heifer weighs ___ lbs when 50% in heat, ___ lbs when 65-70% in heat, and ___ lbs when 85-90% in heat

700, 725, 750

A Charolais heifer weighs ___ lbs when 50% in heat, ___ lbs when 65-70% in heat, and ___ lbs when 85-90% in heat

500, 600, 650

An Angus x Hereford heifer weighs ___ lbs when 50% in heat, ___ lbs when 65-70% in heat, and ___ lbs when 85-90% in heat

650, 700, 750

A British breed x Exotic breed heifer weighs ___ lbs when 50% in heat, ___ lbs when 65-70% in heat, and ___ lbs when 85-90% in heat

AI

Name that reproductive strategy!

Advantages

Maximum use of genetically superior sires

Greater # of offspring

Facilitates progeny testing of young sires

Enhances genetic progress

Greater selection of affordable sires

Can use deceased, incapacitated, or dangerous sires

Aid in reduction of diseases

Improve management, herd records, uniformity of calf crop

Disadvantages

Increased labor, management and facilities

Accentuate poor genetics by using an inferior sire (if unproven)

95

___% of turkey mating is done with AI

80-90

___% of dairy mating is done with AI

8-10

___% of beef cattle mating is done with AI

40-50

___% of horse mating is done with AI

80-85

___% of swine mating is done with AI

___% of sheep mating is done with AI

boar

Which livestock animal is unable to use an artificial vagina for semen collection?

Volume, sperm concentration, motility of sperm, abnormalities of sperm

After collection, semen is evaluated for?

12-24

An ovum is capable of being fertilized for___ hours

cows and mares, sows

Semen must be deposited in the uterus of ___ and in the cervix of ___

superovulation

___ is a hormone treatment of the female to induce multiple ovulations. FSH is commonly used to induce it in cattle

embryo transfer

Name that reproductive strategy!

Advantages

Increased reproduction of valuable dams

Decreased time for proof of dam through a greater number of progeny

Extended reproductive life of injured or older dams

Transport of exotic breeds or proven stock to restricted or underdeveloped areas

Disadvantages

Costly....although it is decreasing

Offspring are not necessarily genetically superior

Success rate is variable and not guaranteed

corpus luteum

PGF2α causes regression of the ___

true growth

___ reflects an increase in body weight until a mature size is reached

hypertrophy, hyperplasia

___ is an increase in cell size, while ___ is an increase in cell numbers

Some adipose cells that continue to divide for a while after birth, skin (to repair wounds), intestinal lining, blood cells

There are four parts of the body that do not experience hyperplasia before birth. List them

all, most

At birth, we have ___ of our muscle and nerve cells and ___ of our adipose cells

endoderm

The ___ forms the GI tract, lungs, and bladder during prenatal growth

mesoderm

The ___ forms the skeleton, skeletal muscle, and connective tissue during prenatal growth

exoderm

The ___ forms the skin, hair, brain, and spinal cord during prenatal growth

third

The largest increases in weight of the fetus occur during the ___ trimester of pregnancy

5-7, 60, 50, 1/3

An animal's birth weight = ___% of its mature weight, leg length at birth = ___% of mature length, height at withers at birth = ___% of mature length, and the hips and chest are ___ of their mature size

tissues

Specialized groups of cells that function together

organs

Specialized groups of tissues that function together

systems

Specialized groups of organs that function to accomplish a larger function

epiphyses, diaphysis

The enlarged ends of a long bone, like a femur or humerus, are called the ___, and the portion in-between them is called the ___

epiphysial plate

An ___ is located at each end of a long bone to facilitate bone growth and length

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

___, the precursors to bone cells, function in bone matrix production, ___ function in maintaining the bone matrix, and ___ function in bone resorption (breakdown and remodeling)

low, high, optimum

Superior carcasses have a ___ proportion of bone, ___ proportion of muscle, and ___ amount of fat

frame size, sex, muscling

Composition is influenced by the effects of ___, ___, and ___

skeletal growth, maturation, age, height at the hips

Beef cattle frame size is a function of ___ and ___ and is determined by two factors: ___ and ___

KPH, intramuscular fat, intermuscular fat, subcutaneous fat

List the four types of fat found in animals

stimulates, inhibitory

Testosterone ___ muscle development and has an ___ influence on fat deposition

increases

Estrogen ___ the rate of closure of epiphyseal plates, therefore slowing growth

S

A growth curve is ___-shaped

nutrition, passive immunity

What does the mammary gland provide to offspring?

4, 4

Cows have ___ mammary glands that terminate in ___ teats

4, 2

Mares have ___ mammary glands that terminate in ___ teats

2, 2

Sheep and goats have ___ mammary glands that terminate in ___ teats

exocrine

An ___ gland secretes fluid into a duct

endocrine

An ___ gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream and is ductless

mammogenesis

___ is structural development or growth of a mammary gland

lactogenesis

___ is when tissues change from nonlactating to a lactating state

milk secretion

___ is the synthesis of milk by epithelial cells

milk removal

___ is the passive removal from cisterns and ejection of milk from the alveolar lumen

lactation

___ = milk secretion + milk removal

galactopoiesis

___ is the maintenance of lactation

lactoferrin, lysozyme

Milk contains the antimicrobial proteins ___ and ___