History Final 2023

Haitian Revolution

* Only successful slave led revolt
* 1791 enslaved Haitis rose up against their French masters, burned plantations, executed French

Haiti’s social hierarchy

* Whites 7%
* freed people of color 5%
* mixed race 2.5%
* enslaved africans 88%

Toussaint L’Overture

* Former enslvaed man
* eventually joined cause as general to organize into military
* liberated the island
* then he wanted to remain a plantation economy
* was overthrown because he wanted to keep plantations

Jean Jacques Dessalines

* Hatiain
* gifted field commander
* enslaved
* literate
* led the revolt after L’Overture
* war broke out
* 1804 was commander and killed all French and attacked mixed people
* was assassinated in 1806

long term results of hatian revolution

* Historic, first black republic with a constitution
* only successful slave led revolt
* symbol of freedom to enslaved people (ecspecially North America)

shart term results of hatian revolution

* Economic struggles, France made them pay for loses, a once lucrative colony failed economically
* Political instability, 1915 US to Haiti
* Hundreds of thousands dead
* Slave owners thought of possibility of revolt
* France sells louisiana purchase to US, US emerging world power, expands slavery

Inventions related to factories, transportation

Steam engine, steam locomotive (railroads), steam boats, incandescent light bulb, electricity, telegraph, telephone, internal combustion engine, automobile

Textiles

* pieces of fabric
* Britain led in their production
* mass produced

Waltham and Lowell factories

* Cities in Mass that became industrialized
* originally picked because of waterwheels
* eventually get electricity
* first factories in mass powered by water and eventually mechanized

Entrepreneurs

* Driving force to innovation
* person who organizes and operates a factory as they invest more money than others

Bourgeoise

* Benefited from industrialization
* french for middle class
* in charge of factories
* first time middle class erupted

Karl Marx

* German political theorieorist
* Marxism: Argued for an overthrow of capitalists in favor of a "dictatorship of the proletariat"

Communist Manifesto

* Book, first statement towards communism, Karl Marxs said that industrialist used capitalism to take advantage of proletariat

Proletariat

Working class people

Capitalists

* Wealthy investor
* similar to capitalist and vourgeosise believe in capitalism
* Marx doesnt like them

Factory system vs. cottage industry

* Factory system: use machines to mass produce, rising prices, men go to work in factories
* Cottage industry: done by hand in home with manufacturers materials, got money for made goods, tedious, only expensive could afford, woman large contributors

Factory conditions

* Big shift from rual work
* very long hours, constant supervision, harsh punishments,
* "Luddite" boy who broke machine inspired other to do the same in protest
* 6 days a week 14 hours a day

Imperialism

One country dominates another country or region Politically Economically Military Culturaly

Causes of imperialism

Military motives:

* Strategic footholds on waterways, supply station, and imperial rivalries

Political motives:

* Crises of industrialism
* Imperial policies distract working class from domestic politics
* Cecil Rhodes: imperialism alternative to civil war Economic motives
* European capitalism
* Connection to industrialization; discovery of natural resources, exploitation of cheap labor, expansion of markets

Religious/Moral imperative:

* "Scientific" Racism justification
* Combines theories of Carles Darwin to form harmful doctrine of Social Darwinism

Scramble for Africa

French, Portugese, Belgians, and English competing for "the dark continent"

Paternal (connected to imperialism)

Policy by authority positions restricting freedom and responsibilities of their subordinates in the subordinates best interest

Berlin Conference

* Europe, with no african states present,
* divided africa and said european states can take any "unoccupied" territory after informing other european powers
* European firepower dominated africa, besides ethiopia fighting off italy

Belgium in the Congo

* First europeans were explorers, missionaries , and humanitarians
* Belgium King Leopold II makes treaty with Congo claiming to end slavery
* Companies brutually exploited African labor- Collecting sap from rubber trees, horrible conditions
* Belgians take over congo 1902, 80x times larger then country of belgium

Alice Harris and Nsala of Wala

* Congo man did not meet the quota so his daughter lost her hands
* alice takes a photo and famously represent the treatment of these people, leverages new technology of photography, belgians are sharmed out of congo

White Man's Burden

The white mans burden was this idea that white men had to do it all for everyone else because they were better and everyone else was helpless

Sepoy

Indian soldiers serving under european (british) rule

Sepoy Rebellion

* Indian mutiny, pushed over edge by cartridges in wax paper greased with animal fat (beef problem for hindus, pork problem for muslims)
* Sepoys capture fort garrison and after surrender massacre many
* British eventually retake the fort and hang the rebels

Opium War

* Britain had been smuggling in opium, caused millions of addictions,
* opium caused social moral and financial problems for china, britain refused to stop selling
* 1839 war broke out, china lost, signed treaty of Janjing

Causes

MAIN, militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism

Militarism

* -Belief in using force is best way to protect national interests and solve disputes
* Military power was glorified as a symbol of national prestige

Alliances

* Several nations join simply to honor an agreement so they all get involved
* Allies (britain france russia) and central powers (austria hungary, germany, italy)
* Assasination was the first move, Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand killed by Serb nationalist group black hand member gavrilo princip

Imperialism (connected to WWI)

Competition over mostly african colonies, caused lots of tension

Nationalism

Pride in country and belief that it was superior to other countries

Total War

* New weaponry
* use of propaganda
* genocide
* women involvement
* targeting of civilians
* civilian involvement and support

Home Front

* Woman as workers and nurses with red cross, grow food, encourage men to join and fight
* Liberty/victory bonds, tried to be purchased by americans with propaganda to support military efforts

Trench warfare

* Two trenches with no mans land
* terrible conditions
* rare to move front lines up
* casued shell shock

Noman’s Land-

The land in between trenches, very vulnerable place

Trench foot

infection of the feet due to the terrible conditions within trenches

Propaganda /Tools of propaganda

Demonizing the enemy to create hate that would mobilize the population, Encouraging enlistment in the armed forces, Home front women volunteers, red cross, food, Home front liberty bonds

Sussex Pledge

* German pledge to US to not attack citizen ships and allow evacuation of war containing ships
* Germany later broke this pledge, Large reason for americas involvement

Lusitania

-The ship thats sinking broke the sussex pledge

Zimmerman Telegram

* secret coded message from germany to mexico proposing al alliance between germany and mexico


* ultimately wanted mexico to invade USA
* America intercepted and decoded the message, a large reason for americas involvement

League of Nations

* Woodrow wilsons idea
* Created in treaty ofVersaillese,
* Precursorr to UN which guarantees security for members
* controversial for US because of isolationism and desire to avoide “foreign entanglements” which was warned by George Washington

President Wilson

\-US president, wanted long term peace, scared of what handling end of WWI could cause

14 Points

* Wilsons hope for long term piece
* addresses long term causes of WWI
* Major points: limitation on size of militaries through treaties, no secret treaties, self determination, freedom of the high seas

Espionage and Sabotage Act

* Espionage: the practice of spying
* Sabotage: deliberately destruct something for specifically political or military advantage
* US didn't want Americans to go against them so limited rights for unification during the war

Treaty of Versailles

* Breaking up of austria hungary, germany, and ottoman empire
* Punishment of germany: war guilt clauses, limit on armed forces, reparations, Land given to allies,
* Creation of the League of Nations (written about above)

Communism

* political theory from Karl Marx
* advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their needs

Fascism

* Society: single dictator, obedience, hyper-nationalism, violence, militarism, war, propaganda, censorship
* Economy: mixed economy (neither socialist or free market), some government control, buisnesses, profit (for the national good), classes, lots of military spending

Appeasement

* Policy in which the UN choose to not take action towards Germanies aggressive actions until Germany invaded Poland and broke the munich agreement

Adolf Hitler

* Followed in Mussolinis footsteps
* german dictator during WW2
* creator of Nazism

Neville Chamberlain

* Prime minister of united kingdom
* made the munich agreement which said Germany had to stop taking land to keep what they had taken

Joseph Stalin

* Got power after Lenin
* communist leader of USSR
* 5 year plan

Benito Mussolini

* italian dictator
* Brought fascism to italy

Russian Revolution

* Bolshevik party got support by promising peace, land and bread
* red guards, w0rkers, russian soldiers attacked government, took control, made russia communist

Czar (also spelled tsar

* Russian capitalist leader prior to communism, conquered by lenin’s rule

Romanov family

* Family of the czars, taken and protected by government, then murdered in basement

Grigori Rasputin

* Rumored to be mystical and magical and healing the romanov family
* people did not approve of him and were suspicious

Czar Nicholas II

* Not well trained
* wife was powerful and more knowledgeable
* very violent
* forcibly stepped down

Vladimir Lenin

* Brother hanged for assassination attmept of czar
* exiled for extreme beliefs
* wanted working class to uprise against government
* believed in marxism and communism
* ruled the red terror
* made russia communist
* founder of SU
* led bolshevik revolution

Red Terror

* Made in resposne to attempts on lenins life
* secret police, killed czar, red army communists,
* white army pro imperialists
* lots of opression and mass killings and torture to those who opposed bolsheviks

Great Purge

* Stalins trials against people with power
* killed officers and comrades
* blamed secret police
* erased people

Gulag

* Working camp until death
* shot at random
* horrific conditions

USSR

Union of soviet socialists republic

Duma

* First russian parliment
* in response to japanese protestors
* nicholas could veto anything

Communism

* Political policy that opposes capitialism and democracy
* share wealth thats distributed by government based on need

Revolution of 1917 causes and results

* Monarchy ended
* russia communist
* large change in power (romanovs to lenin and stalin)
* famine spread, farms destroyed, industrial production failing
* stalin had war with peassants forcing collectivization of their farms and not to be capitalists

Causes of WWII

* Germany was breaking the treaty of versaille by having a military and broke the munich agreement by invading poland
* this invasion began world war II

US entry into WWII

After pearl harbor US joins Great Britian and USSR

British and French entry into WWII

* Axis powers had invaded Poland and france, breaking munish agreement
* on September 1 1939 Great Britain and France declare war in response

Appeasement

Policy followed by UN to maintain peace, arguably just doing nothing or making an effort at peace

Allies

Great britain, china, soviet union, later US joined

Axis Powers

Japan, germany, Italy

Nazis

* German political group
* ruled by Hitler,

Holocaust

* Mass genocide of jews
* ran by Nazis
* concentration camps
* that was ignored until the end of WWII when the US got involves

Pearl Harbor (date and significance)

* December 7 1941
* Japanese bombed large american naval base
* Large impact on americans, causing america to enter the war
* FDR: a day that will live in infamy

Women’s role in WWII

* US woman occupy mens work as they are away, at their jobs
* take on head of household duties, this is temporary but a major step,
* rosie the rivitier

Home front

* US allowing women and people of color to become involved in the efforts, selling and leasing weapons and bases to allies
* Japanese incarceration and asian hate after pearl harbour

Blitzkrieg

* German lightnign war strategy
* air strikes soften target then send in ground troops

Kamikaze

* Japanese air strikes where the soldier would crash thier plane to cause even more damage
* commiting suicide for your country, threatening level of commitment

D-Day

* Normandy invasion
* llarge scale attack on coast of France
* attacked Germans on both sides
* very big victory

Atomic bombs

* Dropped by truman
* Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- The two cities of which the atomic bombs were dropped

End of WWII and results

* 50-80 million dead
* Tens of millions uprooted from their homes
* Cities destroyed: london
* poland, berlin German and italian governments ruined
* Nuremberg trials, allies put nazis on trial 12/22 sentenced to death, hung and cremated in concentration camp, Step towards international criminal court
* some Nazis flee to argentina
* Japanese: kept fighting after surrender, cities destroyed, stripped of colonies, US gives financial aid, US makes their new constitution
* Truman Doctrine,Marshall plan: US aid to western europe countries
* Began cold war and SU and US are superpowers

Holocaust

Genocide of european jews during WWII

Anti-Semitism

Bais against jewish people

Bystander effect

* It is easier to be a bystander within a group
* following others
* remaining silent

Milgram Experiment

* Experiment about obedience to authority
* told to shock if answer was incorrect
* the shock progressively worsens
* see if they continue to shock, person shocked expresses their discomfort and wanting to leave

Bystander

witness that takes no action

Witness

sees the bad thing happening

Perpetrator

does/performs the bad thing

Rescuer

Saves people by taking action

Upstander

Person who stands up for the right thing

Oskar Schindler

* Saved many jews by purchasing them for his factory
* treated them better in the factory
* a buisnessman who worked along side nazis

Causes of Cold War

\-Rising tensions and competition between rising powers, US and USSR

Soviet Union

* Ruled the communist block-lead by russia
* soviet army=red army=russian army

Superpower-

Country with much more power than others

Iron Curtain speech-

Given by winston churchill saying how Europe/Asia was divided by and iron courtain

Berlin Wall-

Surrounds west berlin to keep east berliners from fleeing

NATO

\-North atlantic countries treaty to protect eachother and provide security and military alliance

Warsaw Pact

* Made as a response to creation of NATO
* USSR and their satellite states