Unit test 3

Memory

Mental processes that allow for encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Sensory memory

It registers information from the environment/ very quick, 3 sec at most

Short-Term memory

Is your active working memory/last 30 sec

Long-Term memory

Potentially permanent memory

Iconic Memory

visual memory

Echoic Memory

Auditory memory

Short-term : Rehearsal

Maintenance Rehearsal - maintaining a thought {7+/-2 } Chunking- grouping related items

Long Term : Rehearsal

Elaborative Rehearsal-you focus on and analyze the Information, making connection what already in longterm memory

Types of long term memory (LMT)
procedura
Episodic
Semantic

procedural-memory on how to perform
Episodic-memory for events
Semantic-memory for general knowledge

Retrieval

accessing the memory

Tip of the tongue

When you can't access info that you know that's in your head

Recall

producing information with no help

Cued recall

Producing information with a little help

Recognition

Recognize the answer

Serial position effect

your memory is effected by the order of the information

Primacy effected

was said first

Recency

was said most recent

Context Effect

the environment becomes a part of memory

Mood congruence

any given mood bring backs the same mood

State Dependent Learning

information is easier to recall in the state of mind you learned it in

Flash bulb memories

Very vivid distinct memories that are actually incorrect

Schemes

a mental category based on shared properties

Eye witness testimony

unrelieable

Misinformation Effect

you make wrong reports after being given wrong information

Interference Theory

Similar memories interfere with each other

retroactive interference

new memory interferes with an old memory

proactive interference

an old memory interferes with a new memory

Forgetting

the inability to recall information

Hermann Ebbinghaus

famous for studying forgetting

Non-sense Syllables

WiB / ZoT / DoB = an arbitrarily formed syllable, as used in memory experiments and tests.

suppression

consious forgetting

repression

unconscious forgetting

Amnesia

severe memory loss

Retrograde Amnesia

your having problems with past memories

anterograde Amnesia

have problems with new memories

cogntion

How we use our knowledge to solve problems, make decisions, and use language

Concepts

a mental category based on shared properties

Formal concepts

these are formed by learning the rules

Natural Concepts

they are formed by everyday experiences

prototype

they most common response for a concept

problem solving

Trial and error

the process of experimenting with various methods of doing something until one finds the most successful.

Algorithms

a procedure when followed step by step always give you the correct answer

Heuristics

a general rule that usually gets you the correct answer

Insight

a sudden realization of the answer

sub- goaling

setting small intermediate goals

confirmation bias

you seek for information that confirms your beliefs

Fixation

the inabilty to see a problem from a fresh perspective

mental state

a tendency to solve problems with solutions that worked in the past

Functional Fixedness

Only viewing objects in their usual way

Availability Heurastic

we estimated the likely hood of event by comparing it to our prototype

Representative heuristic

we estimated the likely hood of event by comparing it to our prototype

overconfidence

you don't know as much as you think you do

Framing

how the issue is worded

Intelligence

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and adapt to the situation

Alfred Binet

created the intelligence test

Lewis German

called it the intelligence test

William Stern

Intelligence quotient = IQ = Mental age/ Chrono age X 100

Robert Sternberg: Triangular Theory

Analytical - academic problem solving / Book-smart
Practical - Being able to adjust or adapt with the environment/street-smart
Creative - the ability to design, invent, and originate

Savant syndrom

an extremly low IQ with one exceptional gift

Mental Retardation

an IQ below 70 and inability to meet the demands of everyday life; diagnosed before the age of 15

Gifted

IQ level above 130

MENSA

High IQ Society

Standardization

being able to compare

Reliability

must be consistent

Validity

test must measure what it is claiming to measure

Achievement Test

Measures what it is claiming to measure

Aptitude Test

Future knowlege

Deductive

General to specific information ( large to small )

Inductive

specific to general information ( small to large )

Motivation

forces that act on or within you to initiate and direct your behaviors

instinct theories

we are motivated by genetic programming

Drive reduction Theory

we are motivated to reduce internal tension. - Homeostasis - internal steady state

Incentive therories

we are motivated by external rewards

Motivation to eat

Hypothalamus

Ventromedial

doesn't stop eating

lateral

stops eating

Basal metabolic Rate

How much energy your body uses at rest

Set point theory

your body likes to maintain a particular weight

obesity

being 20% or more above your optimal weight

Anorexia

being 85% or less of your optimal body weight, due to severely restricting your diet

Bulimia

a person follows a binge and purge pattern

Average Age Virginty Loss

16.9

Married couples have more sex than singles

True

Competence

you get the job done

Achievment

you want to out perform everybody else

Self- Efficiency

knowing what your capable of

Extrinsic

you do something for an external award

Intrinsic

you do something for its own sake

Feeling or affect that involves 3 components

-Biological arousal
-Cognitive (thinking)
-Behavioral expression

6 universal emotions

Happy, Anger, Sad, Fear, surprise, digest.

Learning

a lasting change in behavior as a result of past experience

Classical Conditioning

Reflex / Non-voluntary - you learn an association between a reflex and pre neutral stimulus

Ivan Pavlow

Dog experiment

Factors of classical conditioning

- # of pairings
-timing

Stimulus generation

responding the same way to a similar stimulus

Stimulus Descrimination

Learning to tell the difference between 2 different stimuli

Higher order stimulus

- He put something in front of the bell

Extinction

The disseverance of the conditioned response

J. Watson

Classical conditioning in humans