MMSC200 Exam 3

3 main activities of cardiovascular system

\-delivers o2 and nutrients to tissue cells

\-removes waste and co2 FROM tissue cells

\-gains o2 and expels co2 in lungs

what drives the entire process of the cardiovascular system

heart (muscular pump)

blood vessels role in cardiovascular system

form the transportation network

“fuel lines”

arteries

lead AWAY from the heart

are thick walled to support high BP from heart pumping

veins

lead TWD the heart

thinner walled

have 1 way valve to bring things back to the heart

capillaries

smallest and thinnest vessels (1 cell layer thick)

form ONLY points of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells

serve as meeting point btwn arteries and veins

variocele

abnormal enlargement of vein in the scrotum

due to defective valves

blood cannot go back to heart well and swells scrotum veins

pulmonary circulation

from heart to lungs

Deoxy blood from heart picks up oxygen in lungs then goes back to heart

pulmonary artery

ONLY artery to carry deoxygenated blood

carries oxy poor blood from heart to lungs

pulmonary vein

ONLY vein to carry oxygenated blood

carries Oxy rich blood from lungs to heart

systemic circulation

all of blood circulation except to/from lungs

arteries: high o2 blood

veins: low o2 blood

pulse

heartbeat felt against artery vessel walls

pulse=HR

normal is 60 to 100

ex. carotid, brachial, radial,

left ventricle

thickest chamber of the heart due to pumping of blood to send out to rest of body

tricuspid valve

btwn right atrium and right ventricle

pulmonary valve

btwn right ventricle and pulmonary artery

mitral valve

btwn left atrium and left ventricle

aortic valve

btwn left ventricle and aorta

pathway of blood in heart

Enter via vena cavae

right atrium

tricuspid valve

right ventricle

Pulmonary valve

pulmonary artery

Lung capillaries (o2 exchange)

pulmonary vein

left atrium

mitral valve

left ventricle

aortic valve

aorta

body

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oxygenated blood chambers

left atrium/left ventricle/aorta

deoxygenated blood chambers

right atrium/right ventricle/vena cavae

Diastole

Dubb

ventricles relaxed…allows blood into heart

Mitral/tricuspid valves OPEN

aortic/pulmonary valves CLOSED

Systole

Lubb

heart contracts and pumps blood OUT

mitral/tricuspid valves CLOSED

aortic/pulmonary OPEN

lubb sound

closure of tricuspid and mitral valves at beginning of systole

dubb sound

closure of aortic and pulmonary valves at end of systole

murmur

abnormal heart sound caused by improper valve closure or leaking

\-extra sounds heard btwn pulses

sinoatrial node

biological pacemaker of heart

origin of electrical impulse causing walls to atria to contract

\-forces blood into the ventricles… ending diastole

atrioventricular node

sends excitation wave to bundle of specialized fibers (bundle of his)

Bundle of His

helps form conduction myofibers that stimulate ventricular walls to contract

\-sinoatrial node then begins wave of excitation again

electrocardiogram

ECG or EKG

record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as heart beats

\-used to measure rate/rhythm of heartbeats

\-size/position of heart chambers

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P wave of EKG

spread of excitation wave over atria,

leads to atrial contraction

\-first wave on EKG

QRS Wave of WKG

spread of excitation over ventricles as ventricles contract

sharp, (down/up/down) wave in middle

T wave of EKG

electrical recovery and relaxation of ventricles

last wave

arrhythmia

abnormal heart rhythtm

bradycardia

SLOW HR

less than 60

causes fatigue, weakness, dizziness

tachycardia

FAST HR

faster than 100

heart pumping is less efficient… provides LESS blood to body

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can also cause overload (causing ischemia)

atrial flutter

rapid but REGULAR contractions of heart

\-usually of atria

fibrillation

RANDOM, rapid, inefficient contractions of atria/ventricles

\-more than 350 bpm

atrioventricular block

heart block

causes heart to beat slower than it should

blood pressure

force that blood exerts on arterial walls

systolic/diastolic

\-measured using a sphygmomanometer

\-normal is 120/80

coarction

congenital heart disease

aorta is narrower than normal

\-LV has to work harder than normal to get blood out

\--can cause myocardium (thickened muscle) in LV

\-overall low BP bc theres not enough blood to fill the vessels

pulmonary congestion

can be due to coarction

impeded blood flow in aorta causes excessive blood in pulmonary vein….

which then caused blood to go into the lungs

person then cant breathe normally

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patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

congenital heart disease

causes mixing btwn pulmonary artery and aorta

\--these carry 2 diff kinds of blood… causes mixing of Deoxy and Oxy blood

atrial septal defects

ASD

in utero fetus doesnt use lungs for o2…gets it from septum in atrium via diffusion

\-first breath in vivo should seal this gap

\--Occurs when atrial septum DOESNT close…causing blood flow btwn left/right atria

ventricular septum defects

VSD

most common congenital cardiac anomaly

hole in septum btwn ventricles..causes blood to mix

tetralogy of fallot

congenital

4 conditions occuring to heart at same time

\-aorta moves to RV and allows deoxy blood into it

\-obstruction of RV causes pulmonary stenosis (pulmonary artery blocked)

\-VSD

\-RV becomes thickened due to trying to overcompensate to get blood flowing

transposition of great arteries

TGA

changes way blood circulates in heart

aorta now carries deoxy blood from RV to body

pulmonary artery takes Oxy blood to lungs (useless)

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\-causes shortage of o2 in blood flow in body

right coronary artery

RCA

branches off from aorta

supplies blood to RA, RV, bottom of LV

left coronary artery

LCA

branches off from aorta

divides into Circumflex artery and Left anterior descending artery

circumflex artery

supplies blood to LA and part of LV

left descending artery

supplies blood to part of LV and septum of ventricles

congestive heart failure

heart unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s needs (2k gallons a day)

mainly due to coronary artery disease

\-pulmonary edema, shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, leg swelling

fatal if untreated due to thrombotic occulsion

thrombotic occlusion

complete blockage of coronary artery

\-no blood flow at all

b-type natriuretic peptide test

BNP test

used to detect congestive heart failure

atherosclerosis

hardening of artery walls

due to atheroma (cluster of fat in arteries)

thrombotic occulsion

blockage of aorta or arteries

ischemia

block of blood flow

infarction

death in tissue/muscle due to lack of blood flow

kills the heart

acute coronary syndrome

ACS

consequences after plaque ruptures in coronary arteries, causing heart muscle to die

causes: angina, chest pain, nausea, sweating

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myocardial infarction

MI aka heart attack

rupture of atherosclerotic plaque causes a complete blockage of coronary artery

\-causing blood flow to stop completely in part of heart

high BP, smoking, diabetes, obesity, etc all risk factors

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troponin test

used to diagnose myocardial infarction

troponin stays inside health heart muscle

if heart is dying… troponin gets released into blood… signifying MI is occuring

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drugs for coronary artery disease

Nitrates

Aspirin - platelt blocker, prevents platelets from sticking to fat

beta blockers

ACE inhibitors

statins

calcium channel blockers

coronary artery bypass graft surgery

causes heart bypass

take arteries/veins from elsewhere to replace vessels w complete blockage

percutaneous coronary intervention

PCI

uses catheter to place a small wire mesh stent inside artery

helps open up vessels narrowed by atherosclerosis plaques

cardiac catheterization

inserts catheter into groin and up through heart

used to diagnose and treat heart conditions

endarterectomy

surgery used to remove plaques/blockages from arteries

widely used on carotid artery to prevent stroke

cardioversion

defibrillation

common treatment for life threatening arrythmias

uses dose of electrical E to heart to reestablish normal heart rhythm

\-can be internal or external

ex. AEDs are external and used for when person is in cardiac arrest

hypertensive heart disease

complications of heart due to atherosclerosis/ischemic disease

\-causes overload of ventricular muscules bc they are working too hard

\-ventricular muscles become too thick trying to overcompensate for vessel blockages

mitral valve prolaspe

MVP

displacement of abnormally thick mitral valve into LA during a stroke

causes a heart murmur

murmur sounds produced

due to blood flowing across a valve that is loud enough to be heard w a stethescope

mitral regurgitation

mitral valve doesnt close properly when heart is pumping blood out

causes leaking of blood from LV to LA (bad)

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mitral stenosis

narrowing of mitral valve

blocks blood flow from LA to LV

does NOT cause symptoms unless severe

rheumatic heart disease

develops after strep throat infection

antibodies attack a person’s own tissues

damaged valves can result in heart failure

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endocarditis

inflammation of inner layer of heart

\-common in ppl w rheumatic disease

bacterial attachment to damaged heart valves

\-which then causes infection

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characterizied by lesions (vegetations) of valves

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pericarditis

inflammation of pericardium (sac surrounding heart)

stabbing chest pain present

VERY dangerous

aneurysm

localized blood filled balloon in wall of blood vessel

result of weakened vessel walls

as aneurysm increases in size… chance of rupture increases

(rupture then cuts off blood flow)

very dangerous

deep vein thrombosis

DVT

formation of blood clot within deep vein (usually in legs)

causes: decreased blood flow, increased tendency to clot, changes to blood vessel wall

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pulmonary embolism

potentially life threatening complication caused by detachment of a clot (embolus) that travels to lungs

can be caused by DVT

cerebrovascular accident

CVA aka stroke

disruption of normal blood supply to brain

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hemorrhagic stroke

blood vessel ruptures and bleeding occurs

embolic stroke

dislodged clot travels to cerebral arteries

\-due to DVT

thrombotic stroke

blood clot in artery heads to brain

raynaud’s diseasw

excessively reduced blood flow in response to emotional stress

causes discoloration of fingers/toes

hyperactivation of sympathetic nervous system

leading to tissue hypoxia

varicose veins

veins that are enlarged, twisted

usually on legs

valves do not work and causes blood to accumulate in veins

cosmetic issue… no medical concern

lipid test profile

common in annual physical

checks cholesterol and triglycerides

checks LDL,VLDL,HDL

VLDL

transports cholesterol into bodily cells

made in liver

bad

LDL

transport fat content into artery walls

bad cholesterol

increases risk of CVD, stroke, vascular diseases, etc

HDL

good cholesterol

removes fat molecules from arteries and disposes it in liver bile

can PREVENT atherosclerosisd

doppler ultrasounds

detects and measures speed of blood flow

ct angiography

uses dye to ID foreign tumors/possible cancer cells

echocardiography

ECHO

noninvasive sonogram of heart

shows size/shape/movement/pump capacity etc of heart tissue

cardiac mri

uses magnetic, radio-waves to produce an image

noninvasive

NO radiation

nuclear cardiology

PET Scan

produces a 3D image, shows metabolic activities in body

stress test

measures a heart’s ability to respond to external stress

can be used to diagnose CAD or ischemic heart disease

external respiration

exchange of air in lungs nd btwn capillaries

\-o2 inhaled into air sacs in lungs, goes to capillaries

\-co2 passes from capillaries into air sacs to be exhaled

internal respiration

exchange of gases btwn cells

occurs btwn cells/capillaries

o2 passes out of bloodstream and into tissues

mediastinum

middle of chest where trachea divides into 2 bronchi

space btwn outside and 2 lungs

hilum of lung

contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue

bronchial tubes enter/exit here

lungs

lobes are not mirror images

right lung is larger than left (due to where heart sits)

right - 3 lobes

left - 2 lobes

parenchymal cells of respiratory system

alveoli

\-where air exchange occurs

bronchi

bifurcate from trachea

enters lung at hilum